Soe;

ey

=a

* :

ay Ret s as Ny. Ys

as

Ss

Ns 4 rs

iA ‘ Ts ,)

H ie i .:3 i

os tai)

ean, , Un ‘ h, ‘i a Me m i oP wa Woes Uta tie bie 1s Han ala Hu ALG 7 an ak ie

int an

crt

SMITHSONTAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL, 128

oeee@eong,

“EVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO, BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES,

AND EXPERIMENTS, PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN’’—JAMES SMITHSON

(Pus.icaTION 4264)

CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1956

THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, MD., U.S. A.

ADVERTISEMENT

The Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections series contains, since the suspension in 1916 of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, all the publications issued directly by the Institution except the An- nual Report and occasional publications of a special nature. As the name of the series implies, its scope is not limited, and the volumes thus far issued relate to nearly every branch of science. Papers in the fields of biology, geology, anthropology, and astrophysics have predominated.

LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution.

(iii)

Ce a a

i

dace. hs iscs. fa Petes: we hed Apres Wee Von fegey ee cook estes a ‘

We ised. poly hweb ed ed ston Geudal snes Ay Ba

Tay atiert fers rae » sluts if op Aiay atroacdea Laval rica ast! | i ae Baie Bape ti Tk ke +H Men f yotian Seth Bear

Bd ae ri) tar Tay a :

Brie Ad Aninet Rehaa | Agari | fis pe ay aay 0 Bicy agalaaa 7 Pe tn , 5 P os (ius brade t er ae eet HNC TE

CONTENTS

. SHOEMAKER, CLARENCE R. Amphipoda collected at the Arctic Laboratory, Office of Naval Research, Point Barrow, Alaska, by G. E. MacGinitie. 78 pp., 20 figs. June 21, 1955. (Publ. 4200. )

. Asgot, C. G. Washington, D. C., precipitation of 1954 and 1955. 3 pp., I fig. Mar. 1, 1955. (Publ. 4210.)

. Aspot, C. G. Sixty-year weather forecasts. 2} pp., 11 figs. Apr. 28, 1955. (Publ. 4211.)

. Apsgot, C. G. Periodic solar variation. 20 pp., 5 figs. June 14, 1955. (Publ. 4213.)

. LoesiticH, ALFRED R., Jr., and Tappan, HELEN. Revision of some recent foraminiferal genera. 37 pp., 4 pls. July 21, 1955. (Publ. 4214.)

. Traus, Ropert, and Morrow, Mary Lov. A revision of the chiggers of the subgenus Gahrliepia (Acarina: Trombiculidae). 89 pp., 194 figs. June 30, 1955. (Publ. 4215.)

. Rasetti, Franco. Lower Cambrian ptychopariid trilobites from the conglomerates of Quebec. 35 pp., 6 pls. Aug. II, 1955. (Publ. 4216.)

. Gazin, C. Lewis. A review of the upper Eocene Artiodactyla of North America. 96 pp., 18 pls., 2 charts. Sept. 28, 1955. (Publ. 4217.)

. MacGrinitiz, G. E. Distribution and ecology of the marine in- vertebrates of Point Barrow, Alaska. 201 pp., 8 pls., 3 figs. Nov. 30, 1955. (Publ. 4221.)

(v)

ev. :

i be

Waiicy: ye rs We i) i,

ph Ker M

Ne ee ‘e ae —— of ha en y \

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 128, NUMBER 1

AMPHIPODA COLLECTED AT THE ARCTIC LABORATORY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH, POINT BARROW, ALASKA, BY Gee MACCI INTE

By CLARENCE R. SHOEMAKER

Associate in Zoology Smithsonian Institution

(Pustication 4209)

CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JUNE 21, 1955

The Lord Waftimore Drees

BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8& A,

AMEEIPODA “COLERCRED at tie ARCTIC, LABORATORY, OP RICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH, POINT BARROW, ALASKA by G. E. MacGINITIE*

By CLARENCE R. SHOEMAKER Associate in Zoology, Smithsonian Institution

The material upon which this report is based was taken in the vicinity of Point Barrow, Alaska, at the United States Naval Research Station, from 1948 to 1951. Arctic species naturally predominate, but some North Atlantic and North Pacific species have intruded into the area, and one Antarctic genus, Prothaumatelson, is present. The range of several species has been extended northward, and of others, eastward or westward.

The collection contains 24 families, 64 genera, and 100 species of which 9g are new to science. There is also one new variety. The family Caprellidae is not included. The bulk of the collection is the result of the energetic work of Prof. George E. MacGinitie, while J. Bohlke and Dr. Ira L. Wiggins added valuable material in 1950 and 1951. All distances given as miles out are measured from the Point Barrow base.

In the literature cited under each species there is always a reference to a published figure if there is one. The length of a species is meas- ured from the front of the head to the end of the uropods. The plan for the designation of the appendages is that used by T. R. R. Steb- bing in Das Tierreich, I, Amphipoda: gnathopods 1 and 2, and peraeopods I to 5.

Suborder GAMMARIDEA Family LYSIANASSIDAE ANONYX NUGAX (Phipps)

Anonyx nugax Sars, 1891, p. 88, pl. 31—STEPHENSEN 1923, p. 78; 1944b, p. 20. Anonyx nugax + A. lagena STEBBING, 1906, p. 54.

Material collected—Many specimens of all sizes were taken from beach down to 522 feet, from 1948 to I9Q5I.

1 This paper has been published in part through a grant from the Office of Naval Research, through Johns Hopkins University.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 128, NO. 1

2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Anonyx nugax is a circumpolar species that dips down into the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It has been taken off the coast of New England and off the coast of California.

The Point Barrow Expedition of 1881-1883 took considerable numbers of this species, which had been washed up on the beach in September 1882, but were identified as Eurytenes gryllus (Mandt). Anonyx nugax reaches a length of 45 mm. and has been taken as low as 1,184 m.

SOCARNES BIDENTICULATA (Bate)

Socarnes bidenticulatus Sars, 1885, pp.130, 276, pl. 12, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906,

p. 56.—STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 87; 1944b, p. 28.

Material collected—tIn 125 feet, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 1 specimen. In 138 feet, 3.5 miles out, August I, 1950, I specimen.

Socarnes bidenticulata is a circumpolar species. In the U. S. Na- tional Museum there are specimens taken off Newfoundland; Nakvak and Hebron, Labrador; Bering Sea; Aniwa Bay, Sakhalin Island; and Sea of Japan. It reaches a length of 36 mm., and Stephensen says that it is rarely found deeper than 100 m.

PSEUDALIBROTUS LITORALIS (Kroyer)

Alibrotus littoralis Sars, 1891, p. 102, pl. 35, fig. 2. Pseudalibrotus litoralis STEBBING, 1906, p. 33. Pseudalibrotus littoralis STEPHENSEN, 1944b, p. 19.

Material collected—Taken near the shore, July 1948 and 1949, 22 adults and 44 young. Washed ashore July 20, 1949, 6 specimens ; July 26, 1949, 2 specimens; October 5, 1949, I specimen; and September 24 and 28, 1950, 2 specimens.

A mainly littoral species, distributed from Arctic America and Greenland to Nova Zembla; but replaced in the eastern part of the Arctic area (Kara Sea and Siberia) by a closely allied species, P. birulai Gurjanova. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Nain, Labrador, and Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Stebbing gives the length as 13 to 18 mm. According to published records, this species appears to range between the littoral and 200 m.

PSEUDALIBROTUS BIRULAI Gurjanova

Pseudalibrotus birulai GURJANOVA, 19209a, p. 316, fig. 8; 1932, pp. 160, 181, pl. 2, figs. 1-8.

Material collected—Taken in plankton tow 10 feet from shore, July 23 and 25, 1948, 2 specimens.

INOS ot POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 3

This species, which was described by E. Gurjanova from the Russian Arctic, measured about 11.5 mm. and was recorded from 6 and 22 m. The present records are the second of its occurrence.

ORCHOMENELLA MINUTA (Kroyer)

Orchomenella minuta Sars, 1890, p. 66, pl. 24, fig. 1; 1895, p. 683.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 82.—STEPHENSEN, 1925, p. 123.

Material collected—Taken near Elson Lagoon, August 3, 1948, I specimen. In 120 feet, September 15, 1948, 3 specimens. In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen. In 150 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. Taken in fish trap in 33 feet, 0.75 mile out, January 27, 1950, I specimen. In 135 feet, 3.1 miles out, March 9, 1950, I specimen. Taken in screen trap through hole in ice in 80 feet, 1.8 miles out, April 15, 1950, 5 specimens.

Orchomenella minuta is a circumpolar species which occurs down to about 160 m. It dips down into the North Atlantic to the southern coast of Norway and the coast of Maine. On the Alaskan coast it appears to be a common species and occurs south as far as Chignik Bay. It was taken by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-1918, at Bernard Harbor and Dolphin and Union Strait, Northwest Terri- tories. This species reaches a length of 11 mm.

ORCHOMENELLA PINGUIS (Boeck)

Orchomenella pinguis Sars, 1890, p. 67, pl. 24, fig. 2; 1895, p. 683.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 82—STEPHENSEN, 10935, p. 107.

Material collected—In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, 2 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, 2 specimens. In 33 feet, 0.75 mile out, January 27, 1950, I specimen. In 8o feet, April 15, 1950, 30 specimens. In 64 feet, 1.25 miles out, May 17, 1950, 2 specimens (caught in fish trap through hole in ice).

Dr. Stephensen says that this species is probably circumpolar. It dips down on the Atlantic coast of America as far as Cape Hatteras, N. C. On the coast of Alaska it is an abundant species, and it occurs also at Kamchatka. It reaches a length of about 7 mm., and has been taken from shallow water down to about 565 m.

ORCHOMENELLA GROENLANDICA (Hansen)

Anonyx groenlandica HansEN, 1887a, p. 72, pl. 2, figs. 5-5g.

Orchomenella groenlandica Sars, 1891, p. 70, pl. 26, fig. 1; 1895, p. 648.—STEB- BING, 1906, p. 83—SHOEMAKER, 1920, p. 6.—STEPHENSEN, 1925, p. 122; 1935, p. 109; 1944b, p. 38.

Material collected—Off Point Barrow base in 120 feet, Septem-

4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

ber 15, 1948, I specimen; and in 213 feet, 4 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen.

This species has been taken at East Greenland; Tromso, Norway, to White Sea; and Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territories. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Bay of Fundy; off Newfoundland; Dobbin Bay, Ellesmere Land; and southern part of Fox Basin.

Orchomenella groenlandica measures about 7 mm., and Stephensen has recorded it off northern Norway between 40 and 100 m.

ARISTIAS TUMIDA (Kroyer)

Aristias twmidus Sars, 1890, p. 49, pl. 18, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 49.— STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 71; 1944b, p. 24.

Material collected —In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 4 specimens, taken from the atrial cavity of ascidian, Molgula retovt- formis. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 2 specimens.

This species has been recorded from Siberian Polar Sea, Spitz- bergen, North Norway, East and West Greenland, Newfoundland Bank, and now from Point Barrow.

Aristias tumida is occasionally found in the branchial chamber of ascidians. It reaches a length of 8 mm., and has been taken from the littoral down to 105 m.

ORCHOMENE SERRATA (Boeck)

Orchomene serratus SARs, 1890, p. 62, pl. 23, fig. 1; 1895, p. 682, pl. IV, fig. 1— STEBBING, 1906, p. 44.—STEPHENSEN, 1944), p. 23.

Material collected—Taken off Point Barrow base in 125 feet, September 9, 1948, 1 specimen.

This species has been recorded from Siberian Polar Sea, Spitz- bergen, coast of Norway, Skagerrak, and east coast of Greenland. The present record is the first for Alaska. Stebbing gives the length as, 2 Iomm., ¢ about 6 mm. It has been taken down to about 660 m.

PARATRYPHOSITES ABYSSI (Goés) Lysianassa abyssi Goks, 1866, p. 510, pl. 37, fig. 5. Paratryphosites abyssi STEBBING, 1906, p. 43.—SHOEMAKER, 1930a, p. 18, fig. Io. —GURJANOVA, 1938, pp. 245, 383. Hippomedon abyssi STEPHENSEN, 1913, p. III. Hippomedon stephenseni Frost, 1936, p. 7, fig.

Material collected—In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1940, I specimen.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 5

This species has been recorded from West Greenland; east of Nova Scotia; off Newfoundland (Hippomedon stephenseni Frost) ; off Labrador; Sea of Japan; and now from Point Barrow, Alaska.

There are in the U. S. National Museum specimens from Cape Mugford and Port Manvers, Labrador; Cape Cod, Mass.; off New- port, R. I.; Nash Harbor, Nunivak Island, Alaska; and Cockburn Point, Arctic Canada. One specimen was taken by the Albatross at station 2314 (32° 43’ 00” N., 77° 51’ oo” W.) in 159 fathoms, con- stituting the most southern record for this species, which has been considered a northern and arctic form. Paratryphosites abyssi reaches a length of 17 mm., and occurs from shallow water down to 528 m.

ONISIMUS AFFINIS Hansen

Onisimus affinis HANSEN, 1887), p. 216, pl. 21, fig. 9.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 28.— STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 47; 1944b, p. 18. Onisimus botkini SHOEMAKER, 1920, p. 4, figs. I, 2.

Material collected.—In 438 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, 2 specimens. Washed ashore August 21, 1949, I specimen; Septem- ber 19, 1949, 2 specimens; September 26, 1949, 2 specimens. Near shore in 7 feet, February 7, 1950, I specimen. Washed ashore Sep- tember 24, 1950, I specimen; and September 28, 1950, 4 specimens.

This species has been recorded from New Siberian Islands; Kara Sea; Jan Mayen; East Greenland; King William Land, Arctic Canada; Collinson Point, Alaska; and now from Point Barrow, Alaska.

In the Report of the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18, this species was identified as Onisimus botkini, but Stephensen believes that Birula’s species is a synonym of Onisimus affinis Hansen. It reaches a length of about 16 mm., and Stephensen says that the species is probably a circumpolar arctic littoral one (0 to 40 m.), which occasionally may be found in greater depths (162 to 207 m.).

ONISIMUS NORMANI Sars

Onisimus normani Sars, 1891, p. 106, pl. 36, fig. 2; 1895, p. 686.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 26.—STEPHENSEN, 1935, p. 38.

Material collected —Taken off Point Barrow radio mast in 60 feet, September 8, 1948, I specimen.

This species has been recorded from the Siberian Polar Sea; North and South Norway; Cape Sable, Nova Scotia; Cabot Strait, Gulf of St. Lawrence; West Greenland ; and now from Point Barrow, Alaska. It reaches a length of 9 mm. and has been taken down to 791 m. off West Greenland.

6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

PARONESIMUS BARENTSI Stebbing

Figures 1, a-g, and 2, a-m

Paronesimus barentsi STEBBING, 1894, p. 14, pl. 2; 1906, p. 43.—STEPHENSEN, 1935, p. 51, fig. 5—GuURJANOVA, 1936a, pp. 34 and 44.

Fic. 1.—Paronesimus barentsi Stebbing. Female: a, front of animal; b, hind end of animal; c, gnathopod 1; d, gnathopod 2; e, peraeopod 2; f, peraeopod 3; g, telson.

Material collected —Washed ashore, October 5, 1949, I specimen. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. Near Point Barrow, 300 yards offshore, July 29, 1951, I specimen.

This species was described from Barents Sea in 1894, and has since been recorded from west of Nova Zembla and Kara Sea, and Stephen-

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER J

sen says that it is not known outside of this area. The present speci- mens from Point Barrow, therefore, extend the range of this species halfway around the polar regions. The length of the female here figured is about 14 mm. Stebbing gives 125 m. as the depth for this species.

Fic. 2—a-m, Paronesimus barentsi Stebbing. Female: a, right antenna 1, inside view; b, right mandible, inside view; c, maxilla 1; d, end of palp, maxilla 1; e, maxilla 2; f, right maxilliped; g, end of inner plate, right maxilliped; h, peraeopod 4; 1, gill of peraeopod 4; 7, peraeopod 5; k, uropod 1; J, uropod 2; m, uropod 3. n-q, Ampelisca birulai Briggen. Female: n, peraeopod 2; 0, peraeo- pod 4; p, peraeopod 5; q, uropod 3.

TRYPHOSA TRIANGULA Stephensen

Tryphosa triangula STEPHENSEN, 1925, p. 104, fig. 24; 1940b, p. 13.—GuR- JANOVA, 1936b, p. 246.

Material collected—Taken from fish trap off Point Barrow base, in 33 feet, 0.75 mile out, January 27, 1950, I specimen 9.

8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Tryphosa triangula was described from 4 males measuring 7 mm., taken southwest of Iceland (63° 15’ N., 22° 23’ W., 216 to 326 m.). Gurjanova, in 1936, recorded 8 specimens from the Kara Sea. The present specimen from Point Barrow, a female, measuring about Io mm., makes the third record of the occurrence of this species.

TRYPHOSA GROENLANDICA Schellenberg

Tryphosa groenlandica SCHELLENBERG, 1935, p. 20.—STEPHENSEN, 1944b, p. 33,

fig. I.

Material collected —Taken in 37 feet, March 10, 1950, 2 specimens (caught in screen trap through hole in ice).

This species was described by A. Schellenberg from East Green- land in 1935, and Stephensen recorded it from East Greenland in 1944. The two specimens taken at Point Barrow agree in all details with the original description, and show plainly the unusually long peduncle of the second uropod, as figured by Stephensen. The present record is the first for the occurrence of this species outside of East Greenland. Tryphosa groenlandica reaches a length of 10 mm., and it has been taken down to 12 m.

Family STEGOCEPHALIDAE STEGOCEPHALOPSIS AMPULLA (Phipps)

Stegocephalus ampulla Murpocu, 188s5b, p. 145.—BRrUGGEN, 1909, p. 14, pl. 1, fig. 1; pl. 3, figs. 11-109.

Phippsia ampulla STEBBING, 1906, p. 80.

Stegocephalopsis ampulla SCHELLENBERG, 1924, p. 200.—STEPHENSEN, 1935, DP.

112, fig. 18; 1944b, p. 30.

Material collected——Taken in 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, Septem- ber 9, 1948, I specimen.

A large species, probably circumpolar. It was recorded by Murdoch from Point Barrow in 1885, from specimens taken by the Point Barrow Expedition of 1881-1883. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Hare Island, West Greenland ; Indian Point, Bering Strait; and a specimen, measuring 56 mm., taken by the steamer Albatross at station 5018 in Okhotsk Sea. It has been taken between 165 and 672 m.

STEGOCEPHALUS INFLATUS Kroyer

Stegocephalus inflatus Sars, 1891, p. 198, pl. 69.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 91.—SHOE- MAKER, 1920, p. 9; 1930b, p. 244.—STEPHENSEN, 1925, p. 129; 1944b, p. 39.— GURJANOVA, 1935a, p. 72.

Material collected—Taken in 130 feet, 4 miles out, August 9,

NOW AL POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 9

1949, I specimen; and in 138 feet, 3.5 miles out, August I, 1950, I specimen. At Point Barrow base, summer 1951, 3 specimens, and June 4-5, 1951, 5 specimens.

This is a rather common Arctic and North Atlantic species. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from the east coast of America from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land, to Marthas Vineyard; and on the west coast from Alaska. It has been recorded from Plover Bay, East Siberia; Bering Sea; off Cape Clonard, Korea; Sakhalin Island; and Sado Island, Sea of Japan. Large specimens reach a length of 47 mm. It has been taken down to 640 m.

Family AMPELISCIDAE AMPELISCA MACROCEPHALA Lilljeborg

Ambpelisca macrocephala Sars, 1890, p. 172, pl. 60, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. I0I1.—STEPHENSEN, 1935, p. 123; 1944b, p. 48.

Material collected.—In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, I specimen.

Dr. Stephensen says that this is a widely distributed circumpolar species, and occurs in the Atlantic at Jamaica Bay, Long Island, N. Y.; southern Greenland ; northern iceland ; and the Danish waters.

In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens of this species from the Bay of Fundy and Delaware on the east coast of America, and off San Diego, Calif., on the west coast. K. H. Barnard (1932, p. 82) has recorded specimens from South Georgia which he says are extraordinarily close to macrocephala Lillj., and which he has identified as that species. Dr. A. Schellenberg has described two forms of A. macrocephala from the South Pacific (1931, pp. 52 and 53).

The present specimen from Point Barrow is a male measuring 26 mm. This species has been recorded between 350 and 400 m.

AMPELISCA ESCHRICHTII Kroyer

Ambpelisca eschrichtii Sars, 1891, p. 174, pl. 61, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, pp. 100, 721.—STEPHENSEN, 1935, p. 121; 1944b, p. 47.

Material collected—In 100 feet, August 21, 1948, I specimen. Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, October 16, 1949, I specimen. Taken under ice along shore + mile south of base, November 20, 1949, I specimen.

Dr. Stephensen says that this is a widely distributed circumpolar species ; also in the Atlantic with adjacent waters north of a line from northern United States, southern Greenland, southern Iceland and Faroe Channel to West Norway; and two hauls south and east of Ireland.

IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Big Diomede Island; Punuk Island, Bering Sea; and Parlof Bay, Alaska. Dr. Charles Chilton (1917, p. 75) says that A. eschrichtii is widely distributed in Antarctic seas. He believed that A. macrocephala Lilljeborg should be united with this species. A. eschrichtu reaches a length of 34 mm., and has been taken as low as 400 m.

AMPELISCA BIRULAI Briiggen Figures 2, n-q, 3, a-c

Ampbelisca birulai BRUGGEN, 1909, p. 17, pl. 1, fig. 5, pl. 3, figs. I-10. Ampelisca derjugini BULYCHEVA, 1936, p. 244, figs. 4-6.

Material collected—In 80 feet, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 2 specimens. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, 2 specimens. In 118 feet, 2.75 miles out, August I, 1950, I specimen. Dredged at 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, I specimen.

This is the third record of the occurrence of this species, which was described by Ernst von der Briiggen (77° 20’ 30” N., 138° 47’ E.) from 80 m. in the Arctic Ocean. The present records extend the range about 67° eastward. Eight specimens were taken off Point Barrow, the largest of which, a female, measures about 10 mm.

Ampelisca derjugint, measuring 16 to 18 mm., described by A. Bu- lycheva from the northern part of the Sea of Japan, appears to be a synonym of A. birulai Bruggen.

HAPLOOPS TUBICOLA Lilljeborg

Haploops tubicola Sars, 1891, p. 192, pl. 67.—STEBBING, 1906, p. I17.— STEPHENSEN, 1925, p. 150; 1933, P. 25; 1935, DP. 135; 1944), p. 49.

Material collected —On the beach at Point Barrow base, Septem- ber 24, 1950, I specimen. On the beach at Point Barrow base, Sep- tember 28, 1950, 3 specimens.

Dr. Stephensen says that this is a circumpolar, boreoarctic species. It dips down into the Atlantic to the Bay of Fundy and West Morocco. In the Pacific it has been recorded from Japan by Derjavin (1930, p. 327). The largest specimen in the present collection, a male, measures 19 mm. It has been taken off East Greenland between 400 and 600 m.

HAPLOOPS LAEVIS Hoek

Haploops laevis Horx, 1882, p. 61, pl. 3, fig. 31—STEBBING, 1906, p. 117.— STEPHENSEN, 1935, p. 137, fig. 19.—GURJANOVA, 1935a, Pp. 73.

Material collected—In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949,

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER II

2 specimens. In 477 feet, 16 miles out, September 6, 1949, I specimen. In 246 feet, 7 miles out, September 8, 1949, I specimen. In 213 feet, 4 miles out, October 6, 1949, 7 specimens. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October II, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14,

Fic. 3.—a-c, Ampelisca birulai Briggen. Female: a, front of animal; b, hind end of animal; c, telson, d-7, Gitanopsis arctica Sars. Male: d, front end of ani- mal; e, mandible, showing side view of palp; f, lower lip; g, gnathopod 1; h, gnathopod 2; 1, metasome; j, telson.

1949, 5 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, 5 specimens. In 129 feet, 2.5 miles out, February 13, 1950, I speci- men. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, 12 specimens. Dredged in 45 m., July 24, 1951, I specimen. Dredged at 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, 3 specimens.

I2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Haploops laevis is widely distributed in the Arctic and is probably circumpolar. The present records are the first for Alaska. It reaches a length of 19 mm. and has been taken between 360 and 380 m.

BYBLIS GAIMARDII (Kroyer)

Byblis gaimardi Sars, 1891, p. 183, pl. 64.—STEPHENSEN, 1935, Pp. 132; 10944),

. 48.

Byblis gaimardii STEBBING, 1906, p. I13.

Material collected.—In 150 feet, August 23, 1948, I specimen. In 80 feet, September 9, 1948, 22 specimens. In 420 feet, August 9, 1949, I specimen. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, I specimen. In 246 feet, 7 miles out, September 8, 1949, 5 specimens. In 213 feet, 4 miles out, October 6, 1949, 14 specimens. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 2 specimens. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, I specimen. In 1,170 feet, April 11, 1950, I speci- men. Off Point Barrow, July 27, 1950, 12 specimens. In 138 feet, 3.5 miles out, August I, 1950, 40 specimens. Dredged in 6 to 5 m.,, July 29, 1951, about 100 specimens.

Dr. Stephensen says that this species is widely distributed in the northern Atlantic north of a line from the Bay of Fundy and West Greenland about 64° N. to South Iceland and British and Danish waters. It is probably circumpolar. S. J. Holmes recorded it from Monterey Bay, Calif. E. Gurjanova recorded it from the Sea of Japan in 1938. There are specimens in the U. S. National Museum from Vineyard Sound off Marthas Vineyard. The present records are the first for Alaska. This species reaches a length of 23 mm. The lowest recorded depth appears to be 475 to 575 m. (Norman, 1895, p. 484).

Family HAUSTORIIDAE PONTOPOREIA FEMORATA Kroyer Pontoporeia femorata Sars, 1891, p. 123, pl. 41, fig. 1, 2—STEBBING, 1906, p. 128.—STEPHENSEN, 10925, p. 157; 1038, p. 144; 1944b, p. 50.—SEGERSTRALE, 1937, Pp. 168.

Pontoporeia sinuata EKMAN, 1913, Dp. 3, figs. 1-8, 0 . Pontoporeia ekmani BULYCHEVA, 1936, p. 246, figs. 7-11, &.

Material collected—In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, 18 specimens. In 477 feet, 16 miles out, September 6, 1949, 2 speci- mens. Washed ashore September 19, 1950, 2 specimens; Septem- ber 26, 1949, 29 specimens ; and September 24, 1950, 61 specimens.

Pontoporeia femorata is a circumpolar species which dips down into the cold waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific. In the

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 13

U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Albatross Station 2497 (45° 04’ N., 59° 36’ W.) ; Casco Bay, Maine; and Salem, Mass.

Sven G. Segerstrale (1937, pp. 1-183) has given a revision of Pontoporeia and has concluded that P. sinuata Ekman is the male of P. femorata Kroyer. Pontoporeia ekmani Bulycheva (1936, p. 246), described from the Sea of Japan, appears to be a synonym of P. femorata. His figures 7-11 show the characters of the female of P. femorata, some of the specific characters of which are quite variable. Bulycheva’s description and figures of the dorsal pro- tuberance of the first urosome segment agree with those given by Ekman for P. sinuata, which Segerstrale believes is a synonym of P. femorata.

Both male and female specimens were taken in 471 feet of water off Point Barrow. The characters of the male agree well with those given by Ekman for P. sinuata. Pontoporeia femorata reaches a length of 17 mm., and occurs as low as 188 m.

Family AMPHILOCHIDAE GITANOPSIS ARCTICA Sars Figures 3, d-j, 4, a-j

Gitanopsis arctica Sars, 1892, p. 227, pl. 77, fig. 2.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 155.— STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 161; 1940b, p. 28.

Material collected—In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 216 feet, 44 miles out, October 6, 1949, I speci- men. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen.

Gitanopsis arctica has been recorded from south of Nova Zembla, North Norway, Iceland, and South Greenland. In the United States National Museum there are specimens from Northumberland Island, Murchison Sound, North Greenland; and the Bay of Fundy. The present records from Alaska extend the range of this species con- siderably westward. This is a small species reaching a length of 5 mm. It has been recorded from shallow water down to go m.

Family STENOTHOIDAE

In the Stenothoidae several of the characters are apparently undergoing a change. The accessory flagellum may be retained as a rudimentary I-jointed appendage, but is usually missing. The palp of the mandible may be reduced to two joints or one, or may be entirely missing. In maxilla 1 the palp may be reduced to one joint. The second joint of the last two peraeopods may be expanded, or reduced to the linear state in one or both of these appendages. In

14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

L WN SS

Fic. 4.—a-j, Gitanopsis arctica Sars. Male: a, mandible, giving side view of palp; b, maxilla 1; c, maxilla 2; d, maxillipeds; e, end of inner plate of maxilli- ped, greatly enlarged; f, peraeopod 3; g, peraeopod 4; h, peraeopod 5; 1, uropod 1; J, uropod 3. k-q, Metopa clypeata (Kroyer). Male: k, front end of animal ; 1, hind end of animal; m, uropods 2 and 3 and telson of another male; n, mandi- ble; o, maxilla 1; p, gnathopod 1; q, gnathopod 2.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 15

the third uropod one of the rami has been lost. The first coxal plate has been lost. The fourth coxal plate in most cases is moderately expanded, but may become so greatly expanded that all of the body appendages are covered when the animal is flexed.

Eupraxie Gurjanova (1938, p. 261) constructed a key to the genera of the Stenothoidae based upon the variation in these appendages. The present key is based upon that of Gurjanova with the characters arranged in a somewhat different order.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF THE STENOTHOIDAE

A. Peraeopods 4 and 5, second joint linear. I. Maxilla 1, palp 1-jointed.

Mandibular palp absent.............. Parametopella Gurjanova 1938

Mandibular palp 1-jointed............ Metopelloides Gurjanova 1938

Mandibular palp 2- or 3-jointed................ Metopella Sars 1892 2. Maxilla 1, palp 2-jointed.

Mandibular palp 3-jointed.............. Probolisca Gurjanova 1938

B. Peraeopod 4, second joint linear; peraeopod 5, second joint expanded. 1. Maxilla 1, palp 1-jointed. Mandibular palp 1-jointed or absent Mesostenothoides Gurjanova 1938

Mandibular palp 2-or 3-jointed........ Mesometopa Gurjanova 1938 2. Maxilla 1, palp 2-jointed. Mandibular palp 3-jointed.......... Mesoproboloides Gurjanova 1938

C. Peraeopods 4 and 5, second joint expanded. 1. Maxilla 1, palp 1-jointed.

Mandibular palp absent. 25.0... .).c00..5 Parametopa Chevreux 1901 Mandibular palp 1-jointed ........... Stenothoides Chevreux 1900 Mandibular palp 2- or 3-jointed.

Withoutsaccessony, Hagell um. s seine eerie eae Metopa Boeck 1871

With rudimentary 1-jointed flagellum Prometopa Schellenberg 1926 2. Maxilla 1, palp 2-jointed. Mandibular palp absent. Without accessory, nagellum. «1. sales see Stenothoe Dana 1852 With rudimentary 1-jointed accessory flagellum Microstenothoe Pirlot 1933

Mandibular palp 1-jointed............ Prostenothoe Gurjanova 1938 Mandibular palp 2- or 3-jointed. Without accessory flagellum......... Proboloides Della Valle 1893

With rudimentary 1-jointed accessory flagellum Metopoides Della Valle 1803

METOPA CLYPEATA (Kriyer) Figures 4, k-q, 5, a-f Leucothoe clypeata Kroyer, 1842, p. 157; 1845, p. 545, pl. 6, fig. 2a-f. Metopa clypeata Borcx, 1871, p. 140——HANSEN, 1887a, p. 90, pl. 3, figs. 3-3b.— STEBBING, 1906, p. 175.—STEPHENSEN, I913, p. 137; 1931, p. 183; 1933, p. 26; 1944b, p. 57.—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 263.

16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Material collected —Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, August 10, 1948, 15 specimens. In 125 feet, 4-5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 1 speci- men. In 120 feet, 3 miles out, August 8, 1949, 4 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, 5 specimens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, 5 specimens. In 477 feet, 16 miles out,

Fic. 5.—a-f, Metopa clypeata (Kroyer). Male: a, peraeopod 1; b, peraeopod 2; c, peraeopod 3; d, peraeopod 4; e, peraeopod 5. Female: f, gnathopod 2. g-l, Metopa glacialis (Kroyer). Male: g, front end of animal; h, upper lip and epistome; i, palp of mandible; 7, gnathopod 1; k, gnathopod 2. Female: /, gnathopod 2.

September 6, 1949, I specimen. In 213 feet, 4 miles out, October 6, 1949, 4 specimens. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, I speci- men. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October II, 1949, 3 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, 2 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 9 specimens.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 17

Male.—Figures of some of the appendages have been given here which will help in the identification of this species. The lateral lobes of the head are broadly rounding and the eye is of medium size and light in color in alcohol. Antenna 1 longer than antenna 2, both rather slender. Maxilla 1 with a 1-jointed palp. Mandible with a 3-jointed palp. Gnathopod 1 slender and much like that of Metopa spitzbergensis Briiggen. Gnathopod 2 strongly developed, the fourth joint with several groups of short spines on the lower margin; sixth joint widening distally, palm transverse with a deep indentation ad- jacent to the strong defining tooth; seventh joint strong and curved. Peraeopod 1 slender. Peraeopod 2 stouter than 1; seventh joint with a row of blunt teeth on inner margin. Peraeopods 4 and 5 with second joint greatly expanded. Peraeopod 4 with fourth joint much longer than wide. Peraeopod 5 with fourth joint considerably expanded but proportionally shorter than that of peraeopod 4. Uropod 3 with peduncle distally produced. Telson with 2 small spines on either lateral margin. M. clypeata is a large species measuring 14 mm.

Female.—The female is very much like the male. Gnathopod 2 is not quite so strongly built and the characters are not so pronounced, but it closely resembles that of the male. The largest females are as large as the fully developed males.

Metopa clypeata has been recorded from East and West Greenland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and has been taken as low as 300 m. The present records are the first for Alaska.

METOPA GLACIALIS (Kroyer) Figures 5, g-l, 6, a-d

Leucothoe glacialis KrOyER, 1842, p. 159; 1846b, pl. 22, fig. 3a-p.

Stenothoe clypeata Stimpson, 1854, p. 51.

Metopa glacialis HANSEN, 18872, p. 93, pl. 3, figs. 6, 6a—STEPHENSEN, I913, p. 130.

Proboloides glacialis StEBBInG, 1906, p. 189.—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 194; 1938, p...278, fig. 2%.

Metopa cariana GuURJANOVA, 1929a, p. 313, fig. 5-SCHELLENBERG, 1935, p. 23.— STEPHENSEN, 1944b, p. 56.

Material collected——tIn 477 feet, 16 miles out, September 6, 19409, 4 specimens.

Metopa glacialis (Kroyer), Stenothoe clypeata Stimpson, and Metopa cariana Gurjanova appear to be one and the same species. They are alike in form, occur at about the same depths, are of the same length, and inhabit the cold waters of the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Schellenberg states that in glacialis the first maxilla

18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

has a 2-jointed palp, which would place it in the genus Proboloides. Specimens of clypeata from the Bay of Fundy and glacialis from Point Barrow and Nunivak Island, Alaska, have been dissected and all have been found to have a 1-jointed palp to the first maxilla. The

Fic. 6—a-d, Metopa glacialis (Kroyer). Male: a, peraeopod 1; b, peraeopod 2; c, peraeopod 4; d, peraeopod 5. e-f, Metopa bruselii (Goés). Female: e, palp of mandible; f, gnathopod 1. g-o, Metopa spinicoxa, new species. Male: g, front part of animal; h, head, showing upper lip and epistome ; 2, palp of mandible; 7, end of gnathopod 1; k, palm and seventh joint, gnathopod 2; /, peraeopod 2; m, peraeopod 4; , peraeopod 5; 0, hind end of animal.

specimen of Metopa cariana, which Stephensen received from Gur- janova, was dissected and found to have a I-jointed palp. In view of the extreme similarity of these three species, it seems possible that the number of joints in the palp of the first maxilla may be a variable

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER I9

character, and that this palp is being reduced to a 1-jointed appendage. The mandible of Metopa glacialis has a 3-jointed palp, as shown in figure 5, 1.

The specimens here figured measure about 7.5 mm. and were taken at Dodge Harbor, Nunivak Island, Alaska, by Woodbridge Williams. These specimens agree in every particular with specimens taken at Point Barrow, and all have a 1-jointed palp to the first maxilla. Specimens of Stenothoe clypeata Stimpson taken in the Bay of Fundy near Grand Manan agree with the specimens of glacialis taken at Point Barrow. In the Alaskan specimens the telson appears to be a little longer, reaching just beyond the end of the peduncle of uropod 3.

Metopa glacialis (Kroyer) has been recorded from Spitzbergen, White Sea, Iceland, and West Greenland.

Metopa clypeata (Stimpson) has been recorded from the Bay of Fundy.

Metopa cariana Gurjanova has been recorded from Nova Zembla and East Greenland.

The animals described under these three names appear to represent one and the same species and are being placed under the oldest name, Metopa glacialis (Kréyer). Metopa clypeata (Kroyer) is a distinct species and not at all like Stenothoe clypeata Stimpson. Stebbing (1906, Das Tierreich, p. 725) makes Stenothoe clypeata Stimpson a synonym of Metopa groenlandica (Hansen), but this is not correct, as the two species, though related, are distinct.

Stephensen and Thorson (1936, pp. 1-7) record M. groenlandica as being commensal in the mantle cavity of the lamellibranch, Pandora glacialis Leach, found on the east coast of Greenland. Ten specimens of Metopa glacialis have been found in the mantle cavity of a lamellibranch, Mediolaria discors Linn., dredged in about 3 fathoms in the St. Croix River, New Brunswick, near the Atlantic Biological Station.

There are in the United States National Museum specimens of M. glacialis taken at Dodge Harbor, Nunivak Island, Alaska, by Woodbridge Williams in the summer of 1937, and 5 specimens taken by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt, October 8, 1940, between Inner Iliasik and Goloi Island, Alaska, while on the Alaska king crab investigation. The present records are the first for Metopa glacialis in Alaska. This species reaches a length of 7 to 8 mm., and has been recorded as low as 275 m.

20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

METOPA BRUZELII (Goés) Figure 6, e-f Montagua bruzelii Gots, 1866, p. 522, pl. 38, fig. 10. Metopa bruzelii Sars, 1892, p. 261, pl. 92, fig. 1—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 181;

1938, p. 169; 1944b, p. 56.

Proboloides brugelii STEBBING, 1906, p. 188.—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 270.

Material collected—In 80 to 125 feet, September 8 to 15, 1948, 4 specimens. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October II, 1949, II specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen.

Metopa bruzelii has been recorded from Spitzbergen, North Nor- way, Kattegat, Isle of Man, North Wales, Firth of Forth, Iceland, East and West Greenland, and Gulf of St. Lawrence. The present records are the first for Alaska. This is a small species measuring about 4 mm., and has been taken from 10 to 200 m.

As Stephensen has noted (1931, p. 182) the first maxilla of this species has a I-jointed palp. The specimens from Point Barrow also have a I-jointed palp and the mandible has a 2-jointed palp, which correctly place the species in the genus Metopa.

METOPA LONGICORNIS Boeck Metopa longicornis Borck, 1871, p. 143.—Sars, 1802, p. 258, pl. 90, fig. 2; 1900,

Pp. 33.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 179.—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 188; 1938, p. 174.

Material collected.—In 60 feet, September 8, 1948, I specimen. In 100 to 130 feet, 4 to 5 miles‘out, September 9 to 15, 1948, 6 specimens. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 1 specimen. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, 1 specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 25 specimens.

Metopa longicornis has been recorded from North Norway and West Greenland. It is a small species measuring about 4 mm. The present records are the first for Alaska. It has been taken off West Greenland between 10 and 130 m.

METOPA SPINICOXA, new species

Figure 6, g-o Material collected.—In 60 to 125 feet, September 8 to 15, 1948, 21 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. In

175 feet, October 14, 1949, 30 specimens. Male——Head equal in length to the first two body segments com- bined ; lateral lobes angular, but not sharply so; eye rather large and very light-colored in alcohol. Antennae somewhat stout. Antenna I

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 21

shorter than antenna 2; peduncular joints decreasing consecutively in length and thickness; flagellum a little longer than the peduncle and composed of about seventeen joints. Antenna 2, third joint one- half the length of the fourth, which is equal in length to the fifth; flagellum short, a little longer than the fifth joint and composed of II joints.

Epistome prominent, projected forward and cleft in the center by a deep sinus (fig. 6, ). Mandible with 3-jointed palp. Maxilla I normal, inner lobe with I seta, palp I-jointed. Maxilla 2 normal. Maxilliped normal. Gnathopod 1 slender; fifth and sixth joints subequal in length; sixth joint with hind margin straight and without palm ; seventh joint with a row of setae on inner margin. Gnathopod 2 moderately developed; sixth joint a little wider than the fifth and a little shorter than the second, front and hind margins slightly convex, and widest in the middle; palm oblique, a little shorter than hind margin of joint, convex, bearing low wavy teeth, the central one of which is the largest, defined by an angular process adjacent to which is a shallow sinus bearing a spine; seventh joint fitting palm and bearing a row of spinules on inner margin.

Peraeopods 1 and 2 slender, much alike, 1 the longer. Peraeopod 3 slender and a little longer than peraeopod 4. Peraeopod 4 a little longer than 5, second joint broadly expanded, fourth joint consider- ably expanded with the hind corner dipping down almost to the end of the fifth joint, fifth joint shorter than the sixth, seventh joint strong and over half the length of the sixth. Peraeopod 5 very much like peraeopod 4.

Uropod 1 reaching a little farther back than 2 and uropod 2 4 little farther than 3. Uropod 3, peduncle about equal in length to the ramus and armed on upper margin with a row of spines. Telson narrowly oval in outline, armed on either margin with two spines, and reaching about to the middle of the peduncle of uropod 3. Coxal plates 2 and 3 rather narrow, much deeper than their body segments, and bearing a row of short spines on their hind margin. Length of male about 5 mm.

Female.—The female is like the male, except a little smaller, and the antennae are a little shorter.

Type—A male, U.S.N.M. No. 96250, taken in 175 feet of water 4 miles off Point Barrow base, Alaska, October 14, 1949, George E. MacGinitie, collector.

Remarks.—This new species is close to Metopa bruzelii (Goés) as figured by Sars (1892, pl. 92, fig. 1). Metopa spinicoxa is a stouter animal. The second gnathopod is more robust, with the palm armed

22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

with low teeth, the center one of which is the largest. The palm of bruzelit is smooth and does not have a sinus adjacent to the defining angle.

METOPA TENUIMANA Sars

Metopa tenuimana Sars, 1892, p. 259, pl. 91, fig. I—STEBBING, 1906, p. 181.— STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 189, fig. 56; 1944b, p. 58.

Material collected—tIn 80 to 125 feet, September 8 to 15, 1948, 4 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. In 175: feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 6 specimens.

Metopa tenuimana has been recorded from West Norway, Shet- land, and East Greenland. It has not heretofore been recorded from Alaska. This is a small species, measuring about 3 mm. and it has been taken down to 40 m.

METOPA PROPINQUA Sars

Metopa propinqua Sars, 1892, p. 264, pl. 93, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 174.— BRUGGEN, 1909, p. 22, pl. 3, fig. 2I-—-SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 263.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 168.

Material collected—In 110 to 125 feet, September 9 to 15, 1948, I specimen.

This species has been recorded from Barents Sea, West Norway, Firth of Forth, North Sea, and Gulf of St. Lawrence. It measures about 3 mm. and has been taken as low as 153 m. It is new to the Alaskan fauna.

METOPA ROBUSTA Sars

Metopa robusta Sars, 1892, p. 270, pl. 96, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 173.— STEPHENSEN, 1031, p. 1803; 1938, p. 168.

Material collected—tIn 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 2 specimens.

Metopa robusta has been recorded from North and West Norway, Denmark, Scotland, South and West Greenland. The present records are the first for Alaska. This species measures about 6 mm. and has been taken between 62 and 3,521 m.

METOPELLA NASUTA (Boeck)

Metopa nasuta Boeck, 1871, p. 144.—Sars, 1892, p. 276, pl. 98, fig. 1—STEB- BING, 1906, p. 182. Metopella nasuta STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 192; 1938, p. 176; 1940b, p. 30.

Material collected—In 341 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1949, I specimen. In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 23

Metopella nasuta has been recorded from North and West Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Scotland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and West Green- land. The present records are the first for Alaska. This species measures from 3 to 4 mm., and it has been taken between Io and 250 m.

Fic. 7—Metopella longimana (Boeck). Male: a, antenna 1; b, antenna 2; c, mandible; d, gnathopod 1; e, gnathopod 2; f, peraeopod 1; g, peraeopod 2; h, peraeopod 3; 1, peraeopod 4; j, peraeopod 5.

METOPELLA LONGIMANA (Boeck) Figure 7, a-j Metopa longimana Boeck, 1871, p. 144.—HANSEN, 1887a, p. 95, pl. 3, figs. 8-8b.

—SaRs, 1892, Pp. 273, pl. 97; fig. I. Metopella longimana STEBBING, 1906, p. 185.—STEPHENSEN, 1944), p. 59.

24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Material collected.—In 100 to 341 feet, 4 to 7.5 miles out, Sep- tember 1948 and August, September, and October, 1949, 40 specimens. Elson Lagoon, Eluitkak Pass, in 40 feet, August 30, 1948, I specimen.

Metopella longimana occurs in the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, and North Sea. It has been recorded from Norway, Denmark, East and West Greenland. The present records are the first for Alaska. It measures about 3 mm., and occurs down to about I15 m.

MESOMETOPA NEGLECTA (Hansen) Figure 8, a-f Metopa neglecta HANSEN, 1887a, p. 96, pl. 3, figs. 9-ob—STEBBING, 1906, p. 184. Metopella neglecta Sars, 1892, p. 274, pl. 97, fig. 2—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 194;

1938, p. 177.

Material collected—tIn 80 to 125 feet, September 8 to Septem- ber 15, 1948, 4 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 3 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, 2 specimens. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen.

This species has been transferred to Mesometopa, as the mouth- parts agree with that genus as defined by Gurjanova. It is easily identified by the very characteristic shape of the second joint of the fifth peraeopod (fig. 8, f). Mesometopa neglecta has been recorded from Franz Joseph-Land, West Norway, and West Greenland. The present records are the first for Alaska. This species measures about 3 mm., and it has been taken between 12 and I15 m.

MESOMETOPA GIBBOSA, new species Figure 8, g-m

Material collected——In 110 to 140 feet, August 21, 1948, 3 speci- mens. In 80 to 125 feet, September 8, 1948, 4 specimens. In 120 feet, September 15, 1948, 6 specimens. In 180 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. In 130 feet, 6 miles out, September 15, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 44 miles out, October 6, 1949, 3 specimens. In 420 feet, 7 miles out, October 9, 1949, I specimen. In 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, 6 specimens.

Male—Head with lateral lobes rather sharply angular. Eye large, red in alcohol. Antennae short and slender. Antenna 1 shorter than 2; first peduncular joint thicker and longer than the second, which is over twice as long as the third; flagellum about two-thirds as long as the peduncle and composed of Io joints. Antenna 2, third peduncular joint expanded proximally with upper margin noticeably raised above that of the second joint; fourth joint longer than either

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 25

Fic. 8.—a-f, Mesometopa neglecta (Hansen). Female: a, palp of mandible; b, end of outer plate, maxilla 1; c, palp of maxilla 1; d, peraeopod 2; e, peraeo- pod 4; f, peraeopod 5. g-m, Mesometopa gibbosa, new species. Male: g, front end of animal; A, head, showing epistome; 1, palp of mandible; 7, gnathopod 1; k, peraeopod 4; 1, peraeopod 5. Female: m, gnathopod 2. n-s, Stenothoe bar- rowensis, new species. Male: , gnathopod 1; 0, gnathopod 2; p, peraeopod 1; q, peraeopod 2; r, peraeopod 4. Female: s, gnathopod 2.

26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

the third or fifth; flagellum a little longer than fourth peduncular joint, and composed of 10 or 11 joints. Epistome defined from the upper lip, projecting upward, rounding distally, and defined behind by a deep sinus. Maxilla 1, inner plate with 1 seta; outer plate with 5 long spines and 1 short one; palp 1-jointed and armed distally with spines and setae. Mandibular palp consisting of 1 short and 1 longer joint.

Gnathopod 1 slender; second joint about as long as the fifth and sixth combined; fifth joint nearly four-fifths as long as the sixth; sixth slightly curved and tapering distally; seventh joint slender, curved, and a little over half the length of the sixth joint. Gnathopod 2, second joint equal in length to the sixth; fifth joint a little over half the length of the sixth; sixth joint very little wider than the fifth, the front and hind margins slightly convex, palm equal in length to the hind margin of the joint, defined by a tooth beyond which is a long sinus followed by a prominence bearing several teeth; seventh joint curved and a little shorter than palm, bearing a row of minute setules on the inner margin and a row of short spinules on the outer margin.

Peraeopods I and 2 alike in form, but 1 the longer. Peraeopods 4 and 5 alike, second joint not expanded; fourth joint very little expanded and produced behind into a narrow lobe which reaches to about the middle of the fifth joint; seventh joint rather short and stout. Telson long and narrow, without lateral spines, and reaching the middle of the peduncle of uropod 3. Length of male 3 mm.

Female.—Much like the male except in gnathopod 2, which is not as stout as that of the male, sixth joint with palm shorter than the hind margin of the joint, defined by a slight tooth followed by a shallow sinus and then by a slight convex prominence bearing a few low teeth; seventh joint equal in length to the palm and bearing a small forward-pointing tooth distally. Length about equal to that of the male.

Type—A male, U.S.N.M. No. 95194, dredged at 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, off Point Barrow, Alaska.

STENOTHOE BARROWENSIS, new species Figure 8, n-s Material collected—tIn 341 feet, 6 miles out, October 11, 1949, 2 specimens. Male.—Head with lateral lobes rounding. Eye medium in size and colorless in alcohol. Antennae about equal in length and about half

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 27

the length of the body. Antenna 1, first and second joints about equal in length; third joint half the length of the second; flagellum perhaps a little longer than the peduncle and consisting of about 13 joints. Antenna 2, fourth and fifth joints about equal in length; flagellum a little longer than the fifth joint and consisting of I1 joints. Maxilla 1, inner plate with 1 apical seta; outer plate with 5 long and 1 short spine tooth; palp 2-jointed, second joint bearing 7 spines on inner distal margin. Mandible without palp, but having a slender seta in its place; accessory plate with broad, very finely toothed edge like a very fine comb; spine row of about 12 slightly curved spines. Coxal plates shallow and not much deeper than their body segments ; fourth coxal plate small.

Gnathopod 1, second joint not as long as the fifth and sixth com- bined ; fourth joint as long as the fifth and produced forward beneath the fifth; fifth joint a little longer than wide and about as wide as the sixth; sixth joint a little longer than wide, and widest in the middle, palm oblique, convex, finely dentate, merging into the hind margin of joint with a scarcely perceptible angle bearing a short spine ; seventh joint fitting palm and bearing fine teeth on the inner margin. Gnathopod 2 with second joint about as long as the sixth; fifth joint short and narrowly produced below between the fourth and sixth; sixth joint stout, about two-thirds as wide as long, and widest in the middle; palm oblique, armed with low teeth and defined by a blunt angle bearing a short spine on outside and one on inside; seventh joint slightly curved and about as long as palm. Peraeopods are short and rather stout. Peraeopods 4 and 5 are alike; fourth joint expanded and produced behind nearly to the end of the fifth joint. Telson is without lateral spines and reaches to about the middle of the peduncle of uropod 3. Uropod 3 bears a few small spinules. The male is a little shorter than the female.

Female.—The female closely resembles the male even in the second gnathopods; the antennae, however, are shorter. Length 7 mm.

Type—A male, U.S.N.M. No. 95193, taken 6 miles off Point Barrow base, Alaska, in 341 feet of water, October 11, 1949, by George E. MacGinitie.

STENOTHOIDES ANGUSTA, new species Figure 9, a-t Material collected—tIn 140 feet, August 21, 1948, 4 specimens 9. In 110 feet, September 8, 1948, I specimen. In Io to 125) feet, Sep- tember 8 to 15, 1948, I specimen. In 120 feet, September 15, 1948,

28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

8 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 44 miles out, October 6, 1949, 3 specimens. Dredged at 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951 (No. B51-23), 1 specimen.

Female.—Head with lateral lobes rather sharply angular. Eye large, colorless and inconspicuous in alcohol. Antennae short, about

Fic. 9.—Stenothoides angusta, new species. Female: a, mandible; 6, palp of maxilla 1; c, gnathopod 1; d, gnathopod 2; e, peraeopod 1; f, peraeopod 2; g, peraeopod 4; h, peraeopod 5; 2, telson.

one-fourth the length of the body. Antenna 1 about two-thirds as long as antenna 2, first peduncular joint rather stout, flagellum equal in length to the peduncle. Antenna 2 slender; flagellum as long as the peduncle. Maxilla 1, inner plate with 1 seta, outer plate with 5 long spine teeth and 1 short one, palp 1-jointed, the obliquely truncate end armed with 5 spines. Mandible with spine row of 8 spines; accessory plate of right mandible divided into 3 broad teeth; palp consisting of 1 short joint. Second, third, and fourth coxal plates much deeper than their body segments.

no. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—-SHOEMAKER 29

Gnathopod 1 rather short and stout; second joint as long as the fifth and sixth combined; fifth joint about two-thirds as long as the sixth and a little wider; sixth joint about twice as long as wide and tapering distally, hind margin with a few slender spines; seventh joint over half the length of the sixth, inner margin bearing a row of very fine teeth and a larger distal tooth. Gnathopod 2, second joint as long as the fifth and sixth combined; fifth joint half the length of the sixth and produced below into a narrow lobe; sixth joint oval, palm oblique, shorter than the hind margin of the joint and defined by a spine, below which on the inner surface is another spine. Peraeopod 4 a little longer than 5, second joint not greatly expanded, twice as long as wide, with a rather shallow distal lobe; fourth joint expanded, with lower distal lobe reaching the end of the fifth joint; seventh joint stout and a little over half the length of the sixth. Peraeopod 5 much like 4, but the second joint is shorter and broader. Telson reaching a little beyond the end of the peduncle of uropod 3, about two-thirds as wide as long, without marginal spines, and with sides converging to a narrow rounding apex. Length 3 mm.

Type.—A female, U.S.N.M. No. 95192, taken 5 miles off Point Barrow, Alaska, in 184 feet of water, August 30, 1949, by George E. MacGinitie.

PROBOLOIDES NORDMANNI (Stephensen) Figure 10, a-k

Metopa nordmanni STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 187, fig. 55.—GURJANOVA, 19358, D. 73.

Material collected—tIn 150 feet, August 23, 1948, I specimen. In 80 to 125 feet, September 8 to 15, 1948, 3 specimens. In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, 3 specimens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, Sep- tember 6, 1949, 2 specimens. B51-23, near Point Barrow, dredged in 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, I specimen.

Stephensen described this species from a single female that was taken in northern Stromfjord, which is on the lower part of the west coast of Greenland. His specimen measured about 5 mm., while the specimens from Alaska are about 4 mm. A male has been figured here, the proportions of the appendages of which vary somewhat from those of the female. The mouthparts of the original female were not dissected out, but the specimens from Alaska have a 2-jointed palp to the first maxilla and a 3-jointed palp to the mandible, which place the species in the genus Proboloides. In the male the antennae are longer. Gnathopod 1 in the male is proportionately shorter, the fourth joint not equaling half the length of the fifth, whereas in the

30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

female it is over half the length of the fifth; the sixth joint is not conspicuously wider in the middle, as it is in the female. Gnathopod 2, about as in the female except the coxal plate is widest in the middle. The peraeopods are much like those of the female, though the fourth joint in peraeopods 4 and 5 dips down a little farther behind. The

Fic. 10.—Proboloides nordmanni (Stephensen). Male: a, antenna 1; b, an- tenna 2; c, palp of mandible; d, gnathopod 1; e, gnathopod 2; f, peraeopod 1; g, peraeopod 2; h, peraeopod 4; i, peraeopod 5; 7, telson. Female: k, gnathopod I of specimen from St. Croix River, New Brunswick.

telson is without spines and reaches back nearly to the end of the peduncle of uropod 3.

This species measures 4 to 5 mm. Gurjanova’s specimens were taken at 17 m.

METOPELLOIDES STEPHENSENI Gurjanova Figure 11, a-k Metopelloides stephensent GURJANOVA, 1938, pp. 285, 391, fig. 13.

Material collected—In 150 feet, August 23, 1948, 1 specimen. In

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 31

120 feet, 3 miles out, August 8, 1949, 3 specimens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, I specimen.

This species was described by Gurjanova from the Sea of Japan in 1938. The present records from Alaska are the second of its occurrence.

The first maxilla has 1 seta on the inner lobe and 5 spine teeth on the outer lobe; palp is 1-jointed. Peraeopod 2 is a little longer than 1. Peraeopod 4, second joint not expanded. Peraeopod 5, second joint

Fic. 11.—Metopelloides stephenseni Gurjanova. Male: a, front end of animal; b, head, showing upper lip and epistome; c, palp of mandible; d, palm of gnatho- pod 1, greatly enlarged; e, palm of gnathopod 2, greatly enlarged; f, end of peraeopod 1; g, end of peraeopod 2; h, peraeopod 4; 1, peraeopod 5; 7, telson. Fe- male: k, palm of gnathopod 2.

slightly expanded and produced below into a shallow lobe. All peraeopods with the sixth joint slightly expanded distally and ob- liquely truncate; the truncate end, which is provided with several pairs of short, stout spines, forming with the dactyl a more or less efficient subchelate grasping organ. A specimen of this species in the National Museum collection, which was identified by Gurjanova, has no spines on the telson. Her figure (1938, fig. 13-2) shows a spine on each lateral margin. The specimens from Point Barrow, which are mature males and females measuring about 6 mm., have no spines on the telson. Gurjanova gives go m. for the depth for this species.

32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 128

METOPELLOIDES TATTERSALLI Gurjanova Figure 12, a-e Metopelloides tattersalli GuRJANOVA, 1938, pp. 280, 302, fig. 16. Material collected—tIn 341 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1949,

I specimen. This species was described by Gurjanova from the Sea of Japan

Fic. 12.—Metopelloides tattersalli Gurjanova. Male: a, gnathopod 1; b, sixth and seventh joints of gnathopod 1, greatly enlarged; c, gnathopod 2; d, peraeopod 2; €, peraeopod 5.

in 1938. The present record from Alaska is the second of its occurrence.

In the present male, which is mature and measures about 6 mm., the first gnathopod differs somewhat from that figured by Gurjanova (1938, fig. 16-8). Her specimen, the sex of which is not known, measured only 2.5 mm. and was probably immature.

Gnathopod I, as shown here in figure 12, a, has the sixth joint shorter than the fifth and widening distally. Gnathopod 2 is as shown by Gurjanova. Coxal plate 4 is rather shallow and long. Peraeopod 5 with second joint slightly expanded and produced below

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 33

into a shallow lobe. Telson is without spines. Gurjanova gives 62 m. for the depth of this species.

Family THAUMATELSONIDAE PROTHAUMATELSON CARINATUM, new species Figure 13, a-c Prothaumatelson SCHELLENBERG, 1931, p. I13. Material collected—In 217 feet, 7.5 miles off Point Barrow base,

September 6, 1949, 1 specimen. In 120 feet, off Point Barrow base, September 15, 1948, 5 specimens.

Fic. 13.—Prothawmatelson carinatum, new species. Female: a, entire animal; b, gnathopod 1; c, gnathopod 2.

Schellenberg says of Prothaumatelson that the second gnathopod is chelate and that the mandibular palp has a reduced number of joints. He places Thaumatelson nasutum Chevreux (1913, p. 109) and Thaumatelson inermis Chilton (1912, p. 483) in his new genus. With amphipods as small and fragile as these (2 to 3 mm.) it is in many cases difficult to determine the exact number of joints in some of their appendages. The present specimens from Point Barrow have been placed in Prothaumatelson, although the mouthparts do not appear to agree in all details with Schellenberg’s genus.

Female.—Head not quite as long as the first two body segments combined ; lateral lobes triangular with sharply rounding apex. Eye of medium size. Antenna 1, very little shorter than antenna 2, first peduncular joint nearly as long as second and third combined; flagellum about as long as the third peduncular joint and composed of four joints. Antenna 2, fifth joint longer than the fourth;

34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

flagellum not quite as long as the fifth peduncular joint and composed of four joints. Mandible is without palp, but it may have been lost in dissecting. Maxilla 1, inner plate rounding and without setae; outer plate bearing 4 or 5 long spine teeth and 1 short one; palp appears to be I-jointed, obliquely truncate, and bears 4 or 5 apical teeth or spines. Maxilla 2, inner plate with 3 apical spines and 1 slender lateral spine.

Gnathopod 1 small, second joint as long as the fifth and sixth combined ; fourth joint produced a little forward; fifth joint half the length of the sixth and produced below into a forward-projecting lobe; sixth joint widest in the middle, palm longer than hind margin of joint, very oblique, slightly concave, bearing 2 slender spines and armed throughout with very fine teeth; seventh joint slightly curved, as long as palm, and bearing 2 setae on inner margin. Gnathopod 2 slender, second joint not quite as long as the sixth; fifth joint short and produced below into a narrow forward-pointing lobe; sixth joint long and narrow, the sharply produced distal end being opposed by the long and narrow seventh joint forming a chela.

The first and second peraeopods linear and longer than the follow- ing peraeopods; the fourth joint very little expanded, and the seventh joint slender and over half the length of the sixth. Peraeopods 3 to 5 slender and subequal in length; fourth joint very little expanded ; and the seventh joint over half the length of the sixth. Coxal plates 2 to 4 much deeper than their respective segments. The fourth coxal plate is very large and completely covers all the peraeopods when they are folded.

The metasome segments are produced backward below but not sharply. The first urosome segment is compressed dorsolaterally, forming a thin keel or lamella which does not project backward over the telson. The second and third urosome segments are coalesced. Uropod 1 extends back a little beyond uropod 2, and uropod 2 beyond uropod 3. Very few spinules could be observed on the uropods. The telson is rather long and narrow, lies horizontally, and extends back a little beyond the end of the peduncle of uropod 3. Length of the female figured about 2 mm. The other specimens taken were slightly smaller and were all females.

Type.—A female, U.S.N.M. No. 93547, taken in 120 feet of water off Point Barrow base, Alaska, September 15, 1948, by George E. MacGinitie.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 35

Family ACANTHONOTOZOMATIDAE ACANTHONOTOZOMA SERRATUM (Fabricius)

Acanthonotozoma serratus Sars, 1893, p. 374, pl. 131, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 218.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 186.

Material collected—In 125 feet, September 9, 1948, 2 specimens. In 216 feet, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, October 14, 1949, 16 specimens.

Acanthonotozoma serratum has been taken at Spitzbergen; Kara Sea; Nova Zembla; Norway; Skagerrak; Iceland; East and West Greenland; Baffin Bay; Port Burwell, Ungava; Labrador; Bay of Fundy; Mount Desert Island, Maine; and off Cape Ann, Mass. It is now for the first time recorded from Alaska.

This species is quite variable. Sars figures the second joint of the last three peraeopods with the lower posterior angle acutely produced. Specimens from the east coast of North America have this lower posterior angle quadrate and bluntly rounding. The specimens from Point Barrow also do not have this angle produced but more or less quadrate and bluntly rounding.

Cape Ann is the most southern record for this species, which reaches a length of 12 mm., and has been recorded as low as 753 m.

ACANTHONOTOZOMA INFLATUM (Kroyer)

Vertumnus inflatus Gos, 1866, p. 523, pl. 38, fig. 11. Acanthonotozoma inflatum STEBBING, 1894, p. 32, fig. 6; 1906, p. 219—STEPHEN- SEN, 1931, p. 211; 1938, p. 188, fig. 22; 1944b, p. 61.

Material collected—In 150 feet, August 23, 1948, 5 specimens. In 420 feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, 2 specimens. In 213 feet, 4 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 44 miles out, October 6, 1949, 1 specimen. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 20 specimens.

Acanthonotozoma inflatum, as with the preceding species, is quite variable in some of its characters. Stebbing’s figure (1894, fig. 6) shows the lower posterior angle of the second joint of the last three peraeopods sharply produced. Goés’s figure (1866, pl. 38, fig. 11) shows the second joint with an evenly rounding lower posterior margin. The specimens of this species from the east coast of America have the lower posterior corner of the second joint about quadrate and narrowly rounding. The specimens taken at Point Barrow re- semble Goés’s figure, but have the lower posterior border of the second joint broadly rounding without any angle whatever.

30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

This species has been taken in: Kara Sea; Spitzbergen; East and West Greenland; Baffin Bay; Labrador; Gulf of St. Lawrence; Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia; Ccllinson Point and Kotzebue Sound, Alaska ; off Diomede Island; and now from Point Barrow. Stebbing gives the length of this species as 6.5 to 18.5 mm., and the depth as Io to 300 m.

ODIUS CARINATUS (Bate)

Odius carinatus Sars, 1893, p. 381, pl. 133, fig. 2—STEBBING, 1906, p. 211.— STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 184; 1044b, p. 50.

Material collected—tIn 216 feet, 4.5 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen.

Odius carinatus has been taken at Spitzbergen; North, West, and South Norway; East coast of England; Iceland; East and West Greenland; off Newfoundland; Pribilof Islands; and now from Point Barrow. It measures about 5 mm. and has been recorded down to 201 to 204 m.

Family OEDICEROTIDAE ACANTHOSTEPHEIA MALMGRENI (Goés) Ambphithonotus malmgreni Goks, 1866, p. 526, pl. 39, fig. 17.

Acanthostepheia malmgreni STEBBING, 1906, p. 254.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 217, fig. 25; 1944b, p. 70.

Material collected—Taken on beach at Point Barrow base, Sep- tember 24, 1950, 20 specimens.

This is probably a circumpolar species. It has been recorded from New Siberian Islands, Kara Sea, Franz Josef Land, Spitzbergen, Iceland, East Greenland, West Greenland, Baffin Bay, Dolphin and Union Strait, Alaska, Bering or Okhotsk Sea.

In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Labrador ; Hudson Bay; Ellesmere Island; and Cape York, North Greenland. This species reaches a length of 45 mm., and has been recorded from the beach down to about 550 m.

ACANTHOSTEPHEIA BEHRINGIENSIS (Lockington)

Oedicerus behringiensis LocKINGTON, 1877, p. 47.

Acanthostepheia behringanus HoLtMEs, 1904a, p. 315, pl. 36, figs. 25-28.

Acanthostepheia pulchra+-Acanthostepheia behringiensis STEBBING, 1906, p. 254, 726.

Acanthostepheia pulchra SHOEMAKER, 1920, p. II.

Acanthostepheta behringiensis STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 218, fig. 25 (2).

Material collected —Taken in Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, in 30 to 40 feet, August 8 and September 8, 1948, 5 specimens. Washed

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 3,

ashore at Point Barrow base, August, September, and October, 1949, I2 specimens.

This is a widely distributed arctic species, probably circumpolar. It was described by W. N. Lockington in 1877 from specimens taken on the west coast of Alaska, north of Bering Strait (1877 [1876], p. 47). Five specimens were taken off Point Barrow by the Point Barrow Expedition, 1881-1883, but were identified as Acanthostepheia malmgrem Goes. Acanthostepheia behringiensis is a large species, reaching a length of at least 37 mm. and it has been taken as low as 60 m.

MONOCULODES BOREALIS Boeck

Monoculodes borealis Sars, 1892, p. 208, pl. 106, fig. 2—STEBBING, 1906, p. 262.

—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 243; 1038, p. 225; 1944b, p. 72.

Material collected—Washed ashore, August 21, 1949, 5 specimens, and September 22, 1949, 7 specimens. From screen trap through ice, 1.8 miles out, March 29, 1950, I specimen.

This is a circumpolar species which dips down into the cold North Atlantic. The present records are the first for Alaska. It reaches a length of Io mm., and has been recorded between 80 and 200 m.

MONOCULODES LATIMANA (Goés)

Monoculodes latimanus Sars, 1892, p. 304, pl. 108, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p.

264.—STEPHENSEN, 1031, p. 244; 1938, p. 226; 1944b, p. 73.

Material collected——In 110 feet, off Point Barrow base, Septem- ber 8, 1948, I specimen. In 120 feet, 3 miles out, August 8, 1949, I specimen. In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen.

This is a circumpolar species that dips down into the cold North Atlantic. It has not heretofore been recorded from Alaska. It measures about 7 mm., and has been recorded from shallow water down to about 120 m.

MONOCULODES LONGIROSTRIS (Goés)

Monoculodes longirostris Sars, 1892, p. 306, pl. 108, fig. 3—STEBBING, 1906, p. 260.—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 242; 1938, p. 223; 1944b, p. 72.—GuRJANOVA, 1935a, DP. 75.

Material collected—From beach at Point Barrow base, Septem- ber 28, 1950, I specimen. This is probably a circumpolar species that dips down into the

North Atlantic to the Kattegat and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has

been recorded from Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territories, but not

38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

heretofore from Alaska. It reaches a length of 12 mm., and has been taken as low as 887 m.

MONOCULODES PACKARDI Boeck

Monoculodes packardi Sars, 1892, p. 307, pl. 100, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 266. —STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 247; 1938, p. 229; 1940b, p. 40.

Material collected——Taken in screen trap through hole in ice in 80 feet, April 15, 1950, 2 specimens. From beach at Point Barrow base, September 24, 1950, I specimen.

This species has been recorded from Gulf of St. Lawrence, Iceland, Norway, Nova Zembla, and Danish waters. It is new to the Alaskan fauna. It reaches a length of 12 mm., and has been taken from shal- low water down to 235 m.

MONOCULODES SCHNEIDERI Sars

Monoculodes schneideri Sars, 1895, p. 692, Suppl., pl. VI, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 263.—GuRJANOVA, 1935a, p. 76.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 226.

Material collected Washed ashore at Point Barrow base Au- gust 2I, 1949, 2 specimens.

This species has been recorded from North Norway; White Sea; Franz Joseph Land; Gulf of St. Lawrence; Cape Smyth, Alaska; and Kara Sea. It measures about 6 mm. and has been taken from shallow water down to about 60 m.

ACEROIDES LATIPES (Sars) Aceropsis latipes Sars, 1892, p. 341, pl. 120, fig. 2. Aceroides latipes STEBBING, 1906, p. 255 SHOEMAKER, 1920, p. 11.—STEPHEN- SEN, 1931, Pp. 239; 1938, p. 219; 1944b, p. 70—GURJANOVA, 1935a, Pp. 75.

Material collected —Washed ashore July 26, 1949, I specimen, and September 20, 1949, I specimen. From screen trap through hole in ice, 1.8 miles out in 80 feet, March 29, 1950, I specimen.

This species has been recorded from West Greenland, East Green- land, North Norway, Kara Sea, New Siberian Islands, and Alaska. It measures about 5 mm., and has been recorded as low as 660 m.

Family TIRONIDAE TIRON SPINIFERUM (Stimpson)

Lysianassa spinifera STIMPSON, 1854, p. 49.

Tiron acanthurus LILLJEBORG, 1865, p. 19.—Sars, 1893, p. 390, pl. 140.—STEB- BING, 1906, p. 276.—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 201.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 231; 1944b, p. 76.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 39

Material collected—tIn 216 feet, 44 miles out, October 6, 1949, 3 specimens.

This species has been recorded from the White Sea, Spitzbergen, North and West Norway down to the Skagerak, Iceland, Scotland, East and West Greenland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, off Nova Scotia, and Sea of Japan. There are specimens in the United States National Museum from the Bay of Fundy. The present specimens, which are not fully mature, are the first to be recorded from Alaska.

Lysianassa spinifera was described by William Stimpson from Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy, in 1954. He gives no figures, but his description, as far as it goes, applies accurately to Tiron acanthurus Lilljeborg. It is unfortunate that the specific name acanthurus, which has been in use so long, will have to be put into synonymy, but the law of priority should prevail. This species reaches a length of 8 or g mm., and has been taken down to about 120 m.

SYRRHOE CRENULATA Goés

Syrrhoé crenulata Sars, 1893, p. 390, pl. 136.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 282.—SHOE- MAKER, 1930b, p. 201.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 234; 1944b, p. 76.

Material collected—In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 3 specimens.

Syrrhde crenulata has been recorded from Franz Joseph Land; Nova Zembla, Kara Sea; White Sea; Murman Coast; Spitzbergen; North and West Norway; Iceland; East and West Greenland; New- foundland; Gulf of St. Lawrence; and the Sea of Japan. There are specimens in the United States National Museum from the Bay of Fundy; Casco Bay, Maine; coast of Massachusetts; off Marthas Vineyard ; Block Island, R. I.; 15 miles north of Big Diomede Island ; and mouth of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. This species reaches a length of about 10 mm., and has been taken as low as 300 m.

Family CALLIOPIIDAE APHERUSA GLACIALIS (Hansen) Amphithopsis glacialis HANSEN, 1887a, p. 137, pl. 5, fig. 6a-c.

Apherusa glacialis STEBBING, 1906, p. 307.—STEPHENSEN, 1931, p. 277, fig. 790; 1944b, p. 81.

Material collected—Found clinging to under side of ice cakes at Point Barrow base, August 29, 1948, 12 specimens.

Apherusa glactalis is probably a circumpolar species, but has not heretofore been recorded from Alaska. It has been recorded from East and West Greenland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, and Northeast

40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Canada. This species measures from 7 to Io mm., and occurs from shallow water down to 300 m.

Family PLEUSTIDAE PLEUSTES PANOPLA (Kroyer) Figure 14, a

Amphithoe panopla Kr6ver, 1838, p. 270, pl. 2, fig. 9.

Amphithonotus cataphractus STIMPSON, 1854, p. 52.

Pleustes panoplus HaNsEN, 1887a, p. 119.—Sars, 1893, p. 344, pl. 121.—Orrt- MANN, I001, p. 150.—Ho.MEs, 1905, p. 488, text fig.; pl. 7, fig. 3—STEBBING, 1906, p. 310.—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 300.—STEPHENSEN, 1038, p. 253, fig. 28; 1944a, p. 4; 1944, p. 48.

Material collected.—In 80 feet, September 9, 1948, 1 specimen. In 37 feet, 0.75 mile out, in screen trap through hole in ice, March 1o, 1950, I specimen. From beach at Point Barrow base, September 28, 1950, I specimen.

Pleustes panopla is a circumpolar species that dips down into the cold waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific. There are specimens of this species in the U. S. National Museum from Lab- rador, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bay of Fundy and south of Marthas Vineyard (Fish Hawk station 987, 40° 54’ N., 70° 48’ 30” W.) ; and in the Pacific from Bering Sea and off Japan (Albatross station 4828, 37° 23’ N., 137° 36’ E.). It was recorded from the Sea of Japan in 1930 by A. N. Derjavin.

William Stimpson in 4854 described Amphithonotus cataphractus from Grand Manan, Bay of Fundy, but gave no figures. His descrip- tion applies very well to Pleustes panopla (Kroyer), which occurs at Grand Manan. I have examined many specimens of P. panopla from New England, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, and Labrador, and they all agree in all characters with a typical specimen from Grand Manan, the second gnathopod of which is here figured. The palm of this gnathopod is evenly convex, the proximal end passing into the three rounding lobes, which form a protruding angle with the palm, and each of which bears on its inside surface a group of spines; the seventh joint fits the convex palm and reaches the first group of spines. Stebbing considered the three spinose lobes to be a part of the palm, but believed that Sars regarded them as a part of the hind margin of the sixth joint. Sars was undoubtedly correct. The first gnathopod is like the second, but is not so stout and the characters are less pronounced. The specimens from Alaska, Bering Sea, and Japan agree with those from Grand Manan. Cecchini (Mem. 142, R. Comi- tato Talassografico Italiano, p. 8, pl. 2, fig. 5) figured the second

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 41

gnathopod of a specimen from Spitzbergen which she identified as Pleustes cataphractus, and her figure agrees with the corresponding appendage of the specimen from Grand Manan. The early figures of this species are crude and show very little detail and are of little help in these matters. Bate’s (1862, pl. 9, figs. g, h, i) figure of the second gnathopod shows a protruding angle bearing two small lobes at the

Fic. 14.—a, Pleustes panopla (Kroyer), Male: gnathopod 2. b, Pleustes panopla, variety angulata, new variety, Male: entire animal. c-e, Sympleustes uncigera Gurjanova. Male: c, front end of animal; d, peraeopod 4; e, peraeo- pod 5. f, Sympleustes kariana Stappers. Male: gnathopod 1.

proximal end of the palm, but his figure of the entire animal is so crude that it bears little resemblance to P. panopla. Sar’s figure (1893, pl. 121, fig. p?) does not show a protruding angle, but figures the three groups of spines as occupying slight depressions in the hind margin of the joint. In typical panopla the lower margins of the first four coxal plates are evenly rounding, and the mesosome segments bear median dorsal carinae but no teeth or other protuberances except

42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

low, backward-pointing ridges at the lower end of the segments just above the coxal plates.

The waters around Alaska and Bering Sea are inhabited by an assortment of forms which appear to be varieties of the typical panopla. E. Gurjanova (1938, p. 313, fig. 28) has figured and de- scribed one of these varieties, which she has named variety obtustros- tris. The animal she has figured is an extreme case, having the rostrum decidedly truncate. This is a character which varies from the extreme to almost no truncation at all. There are forms possessing carinae and teeth in a number of different arrangements and com- binations. A form has been here figured with an extreme assortment of teeth, knobs, and ridges, which is being named Pleustes panopla, var. angulata (fig. 14, b).

Type.—U.S.N.M. No. 92422. This specimen, a female, measuring about 10 mm., with fully developed marsupial plates, was taken by the Fisheries steamer Albatross, at station 4804 (46° 42’ N., 151° 47’ E.) at 229 fathoms, June 24, 1906. Gurjanova (1938, p. 313, fig. 27) has figured a variety which is much like the one here figured ; however, she identified it as Pleustes cataphractus Stimpson. It is difficult to decide where varieties end and species begin in such cases as these.

Pleustes panopla reaches a length of 27 mm. and occurs from the littoral down to about 1026 m.

PLEUSTES MEDIA (Goés)

Paramphithoe media Goés, 1866, p. 523, pl. 38, fig. 13—Boeck, 1871, p. 176.

Pleustes medius Boeck, 1876, p. 302.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 311—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 307, fig. 38.—GurJANOVA, 1935a, p. 76.—FROST, 1936, p. 6—STEPHEN- SEN, 1938, p. 250. fig. 27.

Material collected—In 420 feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, 3 specimens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, I specimen. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen.

Pleustes media was described from Spitzbergen in 1866. It was next recorded from the White Sea by Jarzynsky in 1870. In 1930 a single specimen was taken in the Gulf of St. Lawrence by the Cheti- camp Expedition. In 1935 Gurjanova recorded it from the Kara Sea. A single specimen was recorded from the Newfoundland waters by Nancy Frost in 1936.

Five specimens of this rarely seen amphipod were taken in the offshore waters at Point Barrow in 1949. There are in the United States National Museum two specimens of Pleustes media taken by the Fisheries steamer Albatross in 1885, one at station 2461 (45° 47’

INOS POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 43

00” N., 54° 13’ 30” W.), and one at station 2490 (45° 27’ 30” N., 58° 27’ 45” W.) ; and 3 specimens in 1890 at station 3252 (57° 22’ 20” N., 164° 24’ 40” W.). One fine specimen was taken in Constan- tine Harbor, Alaska, in 1873, by Dr. W. H. Dall. Pleustes media measures about 8 mm., and has been taken between 40 and 85 m.

PARAPLEUSTES PULCHELLA (Kroyer)

Paramphithoe pulchellus Sars, 1893, p. 346, pl. 122, fig. I. Neopleustes pulchellus STEBBING, 1906, p. 312—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 300. Parapleustes pulchellus STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 255; 1044a, Dp. 4.

Material collected.—In 341 feet of water, 6 miles out, October 11, 1949, I specimen.

This is an arctic species that dips down into the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It is common off the New England coast, and has been taken off Newfoundland and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fine specimens were taken in 1940 in Pavlof Bay, south side of the Alaska Peninsula, by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt while on the Alaska king crab investigation. Parapleustes pulchella reaches a length of 17 mm., and has been recorded from shallow water down to 300 m.

SYMPLEUSTES PULCHELLA (Sars)

Amphithopsis pulchella Sars, 1885, p. 175, pl. 14, fig. 6. Parapleustes pulchellus Sars, 1893, p. 359, pl. 126, fig. 2. Sympleustes pulchellus STEBBING, 1906, p. 319.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 263;

1940b, Pp. 46; 1944a, Pp. 5.

Material collected—In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 2 specimens. In 438 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1949, I specimen.

Sympleustes pulchella is an arctic species that has been taken at northern Norway, Murman Coast, south of Spitzbergen, east of Ice- land, and East and West Greenland. The present records are the first for Alaska. This species measures about 7 mm., and has been taken as low as 763 m.

SYMPLEUSTES UNCIGERA Gurjanova Figure 14, c-e Sympleustes uncigera GURJANOVA, 1938, p. 320, fig. 33. Maéterwal collected—tIn 60 feet, September 8, 1948, I specimen. In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 25 specimens. In 420

feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, 4 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, 6 specimens. In 477 feet, 16 miles out, Sep-

t

44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

tember 6, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 30 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, 2 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 35 specimens.

The present records are the second of the occurrence of this species, which was described by Gurjanova from the Sea of Japan in 1938. It appears to be fairly abundant in the waters around Point Barrow. Some figures of an Alaskan specimen are here given in order to help establish the identity of the species.

The lateral angles of the head are produced sharply forward. The lower distal margin of the first joint of the first antenna is produced forward. The lower hind corner of the first three coxal plates is produced into a prominent hook. The lower hind margin of the second joint of the last three peraeopods is obliquely truncate. The telson extends a little beyond the peduncle of the third uropod. The largest specimen in the present collection measures about Io mm. This species has been taken down to about 125 m.

SYMPLEUSTES KARIANA Stappers Figure 14, f Sympleustes karianus STAPPERS, I911, p. 48, pl. 2, figs. 10-20.

Material collected—In 110 feet, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 4, 1949, I specimen.

The lateral lobes of the head are rather broadly rounding. The first three coxal plates do not have a hook at the lower hind corner, but only a shallow indentation bearing a setule. The second joint of the last three peraeopods has the hind margin evenly rounding below and not truncate as in Sympleustes uncigera Gurjanova. There are no dorsal teeth. At the outer distal end of the peduncle of uropod 1 there is a small spine, which is no larger than the spines on the outer margin of the peduncle. The telson extends a little beyond the peduncle of uropod 3. There is no hook or tooth at the lower hind corner of the third metasome segment.

The present record appears to be the second of the occurrence of this species, which was described from the Kara Sea. It measures about 5 mm., and has been taken at 165 m.

Family PARAMPHITHOIDAE PARAMPHITHOE POLYACANTHA (Murdoch)

Acanthozone polyacantha Murvocu, 1885a, p. 520; 1885b, p. 146, pl. 1, fig. 4.

Paramphithoe polyacantha SrTEBBING, 1906, p. 325.—GURJANOVA, 1935a, p. 76.— STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 269, fig. 30.

Paramphithoe polyacantha BRUGGEN, 1909, p. 32, pl. I, fig. 3.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 45

Material collected—In 35 feet in Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, August 6, 1948, I specimen. In 130 feet, 4 miles out, August 9, 1949, I specimen. In 420 feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, 2 speci- mens. Washed ashore September 26, 1949, 1 specimen, and October 5, 1949, I specimen. In 4o feet in Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, Au- gust I, 1950, 2 specimens.

Paramphithoe polyacantha was described by John Murdoch from specimens taken off Point Franklin, Alaska, in 13.5 fathoms, in 1885, by the Point Barrow Expedition of 1881-1883. It has since been recorded from Nova Zembla, Kara Sea, and New Siberian Islands. The largest specimen in the present collection, a female, measures about 34 mm. This species has been recorded as low as 24 m.

Family ATYLIDAE ATYLUS CARINATUS (Fabricius) Atylus carinatus Sars, 1893, p. 471, pl. 166, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 328.— GuRJANOVA, 1932, p. 167; 1935a, p. 76.—STEPHENSEN, 1938, p. 276; 1944b, p. OI.

Material collected.—In 10 feet, 300 feet out, July 20, 1948, 4 speci- mens. In 30 to 4o feet in Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, August 18, 1948, I specimen. In 30 to 40 feet, September 10, 1948, 3 specimens. Washed ashore September 26, 1949, I specimen. From beach at Point Barrow, September 28, 1950, 2 specimens.

Atylus carinatus is a circumpolar species that occasionally dips down into the cold northern waters. It has been recorded from East Greenland and James Bay, which is in the southern end of Hudson Bay.

There are in the U. S. National Museum specimens from Pendulum Island and Shannon Island, Northeast Greenland ; Disko Island, West Greenland; Davis Strait; Frobisher Bay, east coast of Baffin Land; Collinson Point, Alaska; Dobbin Bay, East Ellesmere Island; Melville Island, Northwest Territory, Canada; Kotzebue Sound and Port Clarence, Alaska. This species reaches a length of 43 mm., and has been taken down to about 50 m.

NOTOTROPIS BRUGGENI Gurjanova Nototropis briiggent GURJANOVA, 1938, p. 325, figs. 36, 37; p. 397- Material collected—tIn 120 feet, 3 miles out, August 8, 1949, I specimen. This species was described in 1938 from the Sea of Japan by E. Gurjanova. The present specimen, which measures about 20 mm.,

46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

constitutes the second record of the occurrence of this species. It is, however, well represented in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, where there are specimens from Bay of Islands, Newfound- land; Port Franklin and Kiska Island, Alaska; Bering Island; and Indian Point, Siberia. Nototropis briiggent has been taken between 45 and 80 m.

Family EUSIRIDAE RHACHOTROPIS ACULEATA (Lepechin)

Tritropis aculeata HANSEN, 18872, p. 139, pl. 5, fig. 7.

Rhachotropis aculeata Sars, 1893, p. 424, pl. 149.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 348.— SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 316.—GURJANOVA, 1938, p. 320.—STEPHENSEN, 1940b, p. 48; 1944b, p. 96.

Material collected—In 100 to 150 feet, August 21, 1948, 3 speci- mens. In 150 feet, August 23, 1948, 7 specimens. In I10 and 125 feet, September 8 and 9, 1948, 2 specimens. In 213 feet, 4 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 138 feet, 3.5 miles out, August 1, 1950, I specimen. At Point Barrow base, June 4, 1951, I specimen. Dredged at 75 m., July 26, 1951, 4 specimens.

Rhachotropis aculeata is a circumpolar species that dips down into the North Atlantic and North Pacific. On the coast of the United States it has been recorded from Cape Ann, Mass., and on the Asiatic coast from the Sea of Japan by Gurjanova. The International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, 1881-1883, took it at Point Franklin, Alaska. This species reaches a length of 44 mm. and has been taken down to 250 m.

EUSIRUS CUSPIDATUS Kroyer

Eusirus cuspidatus Sars, 1893, p. 416, pl. 146—STEBBING, 1906, p. 339.—STE- PHENSEN, 1940a, p. 283; 1944b, p. 95.

Material collected—In 150 feet, August 23, 1948, I specimen. In 125 feet, September 9, 1948, 1 specimen. In 130 feet, 4 miles out, August 9, 1949, I specimen. In 420 feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, 5 specimens. In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, I specimen. In 246 feet, 7 miles out, September 8, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 341 feet, 6 miles out, October 11, 1949, 10 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, Q specimens (young). In 204 feet, August 5, 1950, I specimen.

This species has been recorded from North Norway, Spitzbergen, White Sea, Barents Sea. Franz Joseph Land, northern Russia, Nova

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 47

Zembla, New Siberian Islands, East and West Greenland, and Grand Manan.

In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens of this species from off Nova Scotia (45° 22’ N., 58° 43’ W.) ; off Newfoundland ; Port Burwell, Labrador; Cook Island, Unalaska; Kotzebue Sound and Point Barrow, Alaska. The largest specimen in the present collection measures 45 mm. This species has been recorded from shallow water down to 400 m.

ROZINANTE FRAGILIS (Goés) Paramphithoe fragilis GoEs, 1866, p. 524, pl. 39, fig. 16. Tritropis fragilis BorcK, 1871, p. 160. Rozinante fragilis STEBBING, 1906, p. 354.—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 325, fig. 45.— STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 291, fig. 33; 1944b, p. 99.

Material collected —Taken from the stomach of arctic cod (Boreo- gatdus saida) caught in a lath trap through hole in ice in 21 feet of water, 0.5 mile out, February 3, 1950, 2 specimens.

Rozinante fragilis is probably a circumpolar species, which, in the western Atlantic, has been recorded as far south as the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It reaches a length of 22 mm., and has been recorded from shallow water down to 400 m.

Family GAMMARIDAE GAMMARUS (RIVULOGAMMARUS) LACUSTRIS Sars

Gammarus lacustris Sars, 1863, p. 210.—SMITH, 1871, p. 453.—SCHELLENBERG, 1934, p. 210, figs. 1-4.

Gammarus limnaeus SmitTH, 1874, p. 651, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7—HuBRICHT, 1943, p. 684.

Gammarus pulex Sars, 1895, p. 503, pl. 177, fig. 2.

Gammarus (Rivulogammarus) lacustris SCHELLENBERG, 1937, Pp. 490, figs. 2-6.— STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 353, figs. 50, 5I.

Material collected —Lake at Anaktuvuk Pass, Brook Range, Alaska, August 1949, 25 specimens.

Gammarus lacustris is a fresh-water species that inhabits cold lakes of northern Europe and northern America. It is found in the cold lakes of Alaska, in Canada, and the northern parts of the United States from Maine to Washington, and has been recorded by Leslie Hubricht from Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and Okla- homa. It reaches a length of 22 mm.

GAMMARUS LOCUSTA (Linn.) var. SETOSA Dementieva

Gammarus locusta var. setosa DEMENTIEVA, 1931, p. 80.—STEPHENSEN, 1940a, P. 321, fig. 41; 1944b, p. 109, fig. 8.

48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Material collected—Near shore at Point Barrow base, July 15, 1948, I specimen. In shallow water, 300 feet from shore, July 20, 1948, 5 specimens. In 5 to 40 feet in Eluitkak Pass, and west side of Elson Lagoon, August 10, 1948, 4 specimens. From mouth of bearded seal, Erignathus barbatus, August 31, 1948, 11 specimens. In 120 feet, September 15, 1948, 2 specimens. West shore of Elson Lagoon, September 19, 1948, 5 specimens. Washed ashore August 21 and 22, 1949, 4 specimens. Elson Lagoon, October 4, 1949, 27 specimens.

This variety of Gammarus locusta has been recorded from North and South Norway, Spitzbergen, Iceland, East Greenland, Barents Sea, Jan Mayen, and Arctic America. The largest specimen in the present collection, a male, measures 50 mm. This variety has been taken down to 40 m.

GAMMARACANTHUS LORICATUS (Sabine)

Gammaracanthus loricatus STEBBING, 1906, p. 508.—STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 356, fig. 52, 1; 1944b, p. 115, fig. Io.

Material collected—In shallow water, 300 feet from shore, July 20, 1948, 2 specimens. In 30 feet, Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, Au- gust 6, 1948, 6 specimens, and August I0, 1948, 3 specimens. Washed ashore August 21 to 25, 1949, 2 specimens, September 6, 1949, 3 specimens, and September 12, 1949, 2 specimens. In Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, September 21, 1949, 3 specimens. Washed ashore October 4, 1949, 2 specimens. In 40 feet in Eluitkak Pass, August 1, 1950, I specimen. From beach at Point Barrow base, September 28, 1950, 2 specimens.

Gammaracanthus loricatus is a circumploar species that dips down into the North Atlantic along the east coast of Greenland and Lab- rador, and in the Pacific along the coast of Alaska as far as Nushagak Bay. There are in the U. S. National Museum specimens from the southern end of Hudson Bay; Hudson Strait, Frobisher Bay, Baffin Land; Port Burwell and Rigolet, Labrador; and Collinson Point, Elson Lagoon, Point Barrow, Cape Smyth, Kotzebue Sound, Norton Sound, and Nushagak Bay, Alaska. The largest specimen, a female, in the present collection measures 58 mm. This species occurs from shallow water down to about 35 m.

WEYPRECHTIA PINGUIS (Kroyer)

Amathilla pinguis BucHHoLz, 1874, p. 353, pl. 9, fig. 2.

Weyprechtia pinguis STEBBING, 1906, p. 382—SHOEMAKER, 1920, p. 21; 1926, p. 9 —GURJANOVA, 1935a, p. 77.—STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 297, fig. 34, 2; 1944b, p. IOI.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 49

Material collected—Taken in Eluitkak Pass, Elson Lagoon, Au- gust 30, 1948, I specimen. Off Point Barrow base in 80 feet, Sep- tember 9, 1948, I specimen. From beach at Point Barrow base, September 24, 1950, I specimen.

Weyprechtia pinguts is a circumpolar species that dips down into the cold North Atlantic. It has been recorded from Nova Zembla; Franz Joseph Land; White Sea; Spitzbergen; Murman coast; East and West Greenland; Baffin Bay; Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay; Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territory ; and Okhotsk Sea.

There are specimens in the U.S. National Museum taken off Hali- fax, N. S. It reaches a length of 29 mm. and has been taken as low as 120 m.

WEYPRECHTIA HEUGLINI (Buchholz)

Weyprechtia heuglint Steppinc, 1894, p. 41, pl. 7; 1906, p. 381—GuURJANOVA, 1932, p. 168.—STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 206, fig. 34, I.

Material collected—tIn 8 to 10 feet, September 9, 1948, 3 speci- mens. In 80 feet, July 21 and September 9, 1948, 7 specimens. Washed ashore August 21, 1949, I specimen. In 37 feet, .75 mile out, June 23, 1950, 3 specimens (from baited screen trap through hole in ice).

Weyprechtia heuglini has been recorded from Nova Zembla, Kara Sea, Barents Sea, Spitzbergen, New Siberian Islands, north of Bering Strait, and Bering Sea or Okhotsk Sea (Derjavin, 1930, p. 328). There is a specimen in the U. S. National Museum from Bering Sea. This is a large species reaching a length of 51 mm. It has been recorded between g and 4o m.

MELITA DENTATA (Kroyer)

Gammarus dentatus KRrOyYER, 1842, p. 159.

Gammarus subtener Stimpson, 1864, p. 157.

Melita leonis Murvocu, 1885b, p. 148, pl. 2, fig. 2.

Melita dentata Sars, 1894, p. 513, pl. 181, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 427.— STEPHENSEN, 1944b, p. 105.

Material collected—tIn 120 to 150 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, Septem- ber 9, 1948, 7 specimens. In 80 to 125 feet, September 15, 1948, 4 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. Washed ashore September 22, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, October 14, 1949, 15 specimens. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, 6 specimens. In 341 feet, 6 miles out, October 11, 1949, 3 speci- mens. Washed ashore September 22, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, October 14, 1949, 15 specimens. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, Feb- ruary 18, 1950, I specimen.

5e SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 128

Melita dentata is a circumpolar species that dips down into the colder waters of the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It is a large species, some of the specimens in the present collection reaching a length of 30 mm. In the U.S. National Museum there are no speci- mens taken south of Marthas Vineyard on the east coast of the United States. There is a published record of the occurrence of M. dentata at Cameron, La. I have examined these specimens and find that they are Melita appendiculata (Say) (1818, p. 377), of which Melita fresnelii (Audouin) is a synonym. On the west coast of America Melita dentata extends south at least to Corona Del Mar, Orange County, Calif. The description of Gammarus subtener Stimpson from Puget Sound agrees with Melita dentata, with the exception of the third uropods, which were missing. His specimen, which was not quite a quarter of an inch in length, was very immature. Melita dentata has been recorded from shallow water down to 113 m.

MELITA FORMOSA Murdoch

Melita formosa Murvocu, 188sb, p. 147, pl. 2, fig. 1—STEBBING, 1906, p. 427.— GuRJANOVA, 1920b, p. 39; 1935a, Pp. 77.—STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 309, fig. 37. Melita goesii HANSEN, 1887a, p. 146, pl. 5, fig. 8; 1887b, p. 228, pl. 21, fig. 13.

Material collected—Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, Au- gust 2I to 25, 1949, 10 specimens; September 6, 1949, 30 specimens ; September 19, 1949, 2 specimens; September 22, 1949, 8 specimens ; August 23, 1950, about 50 specimens; September 24, 1950, 38 speci- mens; and September 28, 1950, I specimen.

Melita formosa has been recorded from Point Barrow, Alaska ; North Norway; Spitzbergen; Murman Coast; Barents Sea; Nova Zembla; New Siberian Islands; Japan; and West Greenland.

Many fine specimens of this species were washed ashore at Point Barrow, the largest of which measure about 30 mm. It has been recorded from shallow water down to 480 m.

MELITA VALIDA, new species Figure 15, a-j

Material collected—Beach at Point Barrow, September 28, 1950, 2 specimens.

Male—Head with broadly rounding lateral margin, and with a small notch on lower margin. Eye small and indistinct. Antenna 1 much longer than antenna 2, first joint stouter than, but equal in length to, the second, which is twice as long as the third; flagellum much longer than peduncle and composed of about 40 joints; acces-

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 51

sory flagellum of 3 long and 1 small terminal joint. Antenna 2 about as long as the head plus the first three or four body segments; third joint nearly half the length of the fourth, which is a little longer

Fic. 15.—Melita valida, new species. Male: a, front end of animal; b, hind end of animal; c, antenna 1; d, mandible; e, outer lobe and palp of maxilliped ; f, peraeopod 3; g, peraeopod 4; h, peraeopod 5; t, uropod 3; j, telson.

than the fifth; flagellum short and composed of about 14 joints; gland cone prominent.

Mandible with strong molar, which extends at its base into a promi- nent angular lobe; cutting edge narrow; accessory plate narrow with bifid apex ; spine row of many spines; first joint of palp with a tooth

52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

on its outer margin; third joint longer than the second. Maxilla 1 much as that figured by Sars for M. palmata (1894, pl. 179™*) ; inner lobe long with narrow angular apex and the inner margin bearing a row of setae; outer lobe normal; first joint of palp with 3 groups of long slender spines on outer margin; second joint large, widening distally and with the broad, slightly convex distal margin bearing many slender spines. Maxilla 2 much as that figured by Sars for M. palmata (1894, pl. 179™*), but inner and outer lobes are of equal width, with inner lobe being slightly shorter. Maxilliped, inner lobe reaching beyond middle of outer lobe and armed with the usual spines, but no teeth; outer lobe long, reaching about to the end of the second joint of palp, armed distally and on the inner margin with spines which become shorter toward the base.

Gnathopod 1, second joint a little longer than the fifth, which is longer than the sixth; all joints with many long setae; sixth joint with front and rear margins convex; palm oblique, convex, finely dentate throughout, armed throughout with closely set short spinules, and without defining angle or defining spines. Seventh joint fitting palm and provided on inner margin with very fine setae or spinules. Gnathopod 2 very large and robust; sixth joint about as long as the second to fifth joints combined ; palm very oblique, armed with 2 large teeth, several small teeth, and a strong defining tooth. Seventh joint strong and curved with the distal end resting on the inside surface of the sixth joint when it is closed against the palm.

Peraeopods 1 and 2 alike but 1 slightly the longer. Peraeopods 3 to 5 increasing consecutively in length, second joint expanded, somewhat produced below posteriorly, and with hind margin very finely serrate. The mesosome segments and first metasome segment are without dorsal teeth. Metasome segment 2 has 5 dorsal teeth, and segment 3 has 5 dorsal teeth and a small tooth just above the lower posterior angle. Urosome segment 1 has 3 dorsal teeth; segment 2 has 4 dorsal teeth and segment 3 has a mere suggestion of 2 dorsal teeth. The uropods are shown in figure 15, b and 7. The telson extends to about the end of the peduncle of uropod 3, and is cleft to its base with each lobe ending in a central triangular lobe, on either side of which is a spine. Length of male 28 mm.

Type.—A male, U.S.N.M. No. 93809, taken from beach at Point Barrow, Alaska, September 28, 1950, Ira L. Wiggins, collector.

Remarks.—In the smaller male the armature of the palm of gnatho- pod 2 is somewhat different from the larger male, the arrangement giving the impression of 3 major teeth.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 53

MAERA DANAE (Stimpson)

Leptothoe danae Stimpson, 1854, p. 46, pl. 3, fig. 32.

Moera danae Bate, 1862, p. 190, pl. 34, fig. 6.

Moera fusca BATE, 1864, p. 667.

Maera dubia Catman, 1808, p. 269, pl. 32, fig. 3—HotmeEs, 1904b, p. 239; 1908,

Pp. 539. Maera danae HotMeEs, 1905, p. 525, pl. 12, fig. 2—STEBBING, 1906, p. 440.— BLAKE, 1933, Pp. 252.

Material collected—In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 4 specimens. In 110 feet, September 16, 1948, 3 specimens. Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, August 25, 1949, I specimen. In 328 feet, September 1, 1949, 6 specimens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, 12 specimens. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, 6 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 8 specimens. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, 4 specimens.

Leptothoe danae was described by Wm. Stimpson from Grand Manan in 1854, and he gave a very small, sketchy figure of the species. In 1862 C. Spence Bate transferred the species to the genus Moera, and gave a figure which is little better than Stimpson’s. S. J. Holmes recorded it from Eastport, Maine, in 1905, and Charles H. Blake recorded it from Mount Desert Island, Maine, in 1933. There are specimens in the U. S. National Museum from the east coast of North America from Passamaquoddy Bay, New Brunswick; Casco Bay, Maine; off Cape Cod, Mass. ; off Newport, R. I.; and Vineyard Sound.

C. Spence Bate in 1864 (p. 667) described Moera fusca from Esquimalt Harbor, Vancouver Island; and in 1898 W. T. Calman described Maera dubia from Puget Sound. Moera fusca and Maera dubia undoubtedly represent the same species, and both appear to be synonyms of Maera danae. Excellent specimens were taken off Point Barrow which agree specifically with specimens from the New Eng- land coast.

The largest specimens from the east coast of North America measure about 18 mm. The largest specimens from the west coast and Alaska are also about this size. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from the west coast of Queen Charlotte Islands; Puget Sound; and Monterey Bay, Calif.

Some specimens of Maera danae from the west coast differ some- what from the typical east-coast form. The second joint of the third, fourth, and fifth peraeopods is occasionally wider in proportion to its length, and the rami of the third uropods are proportionately slightly shorter, but these variations do not appear to be of specific value.

54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Maera danae bears a rather close superficial resemblance to Maera loveni (Bruzelius), a much larger species, which inhabits the Arctic. In M. loveni the defining tooth of the palm of the second gnathopod of the male bears a long, slender spine, and the second joint of the third, fourth, and fifth peraeopods is long and narrow.

CERADOCUS TORELLI (Goés)

Ceradocus torelli STEBBING, 1906, p. 432—BRUGGEN, 19090, p. 38, pl. 1, fig. 4.— GURJANOVA, 1930, p. 244.—STEPHENSEN, 1940a, p. 310, fig. 38; 1944a, p. 22; 1944b, p. 106.

Material collected—Taken on the beach at Point Barrow base, Alaska, September 28, 1950, 3 specimens.

Ceradocus torelli, an arctic species, has been recorded from New Siberian Islands, Murman Coast, Iceland, East and West Greenland, and Bering or Okhotsk Sea. The present record is the first for Alaska.

In the U. S. National Museum there is a specimen of this species from North Devon Island, Arctic Canada; and one taken by the Fisheries steamer Albatross at station 5009 (46° 24’ 10” N., 142° 40’ 00” E.), September 24, 1906, in 25 fathoms. Ceradocus torells is a very large species, the largest specimen in the present collection, a female, measuring 54 mm. It has been taken as low as 95 m.

ANISOGAMMARUS (EOGAMMARUS) MACGINITIEI, new species Figure 16, a-f

Material collected—From beach at Point Barrow base (71° gi’ N., 156° 41’ W.), September 28, 1950, 6 specimens.

Male.—Head not as long as the first two thoracic segments ; lateral lobes truncate with rounding corners; eye small, oval, and black. Antenna 1 a little longer than antenna 2; first joint about as long as second and third combined; third not half the length of second; flagellum longer than peduncle and composed of about 24 joints; accessory flagellum of 4 or 5 joints. Antenna 2, gland cone of second joint large and prominent, third joint half as long as the fourth joint, which is longer than the fifth; flagellum shorter than peduncle and composed of about 18 joints. Gnathopods rather short and stout. Gnathopod 1 a little larger than gnathopod 2; second joint as long as the sixth joint; fifth joint about half as long as the sixth, and with a small lower lobe; sixth joint nearly as wide as long, palm trans- verse, slightly concave, armed on outer and inner margin with 4 short, blunt spine teeth, and defined by 2 spines; seventh joint stout, curved,

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 55

as long as palm and bearing a slight protuberance on the inner margin. Gnathopod 2 much like 1; second joint a little longer than sixth; fifth joint over half as long as sixth, and with the lower lobe wider than in gnathopod I; sixth joint a little longer than wide; palm transverse and armed with spine teeth as in gnathopod 1; seventh joint as in gnathopod I.

Fic. 16—Anisogammarus macginitiei, new species. Male: a, entire animal; b, hind end of animal; c, gill of gnathopod 2; d, peraeopod 3; e, uropod 3; f, telson.

Peraeopods 1 and 2 alike, but 1 a little the longer. The proportions of peraeopod 1 as shown in figure 16, a. Peraeopod 3 longer than peraeopod 1; second joint not much expanded, with hind margin slightly concave and lower hind corner broadly rounding; fourth and fifth joints subequal in length and little expanded ; sixth joint slender and shorter than fifth ; seventh joint small. Peraeopod 4 longer than 3 and perhaps a little longer than 5; second joint with hind margin slightly concave and lower hind corner narrowly rounding ; remaining

56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

joints proportioned as in peraeopod 3. Peraeopod 5 with hind margin of second joint slightly convex; remaining joints as in peraeopod 4. Metasome segments as shown in figure 16, a. Urosome segment I bearing dorsally a single conical protuberance bearing a small back- ward-pointing apical spine. Urosome segment 2 bearing 2 transverse dorsal protuberances similar to the one on segment 1 but smaller.

Uropod 1 reaching back farther than uropod 2; peduncle longer than rami, armed on upper lateral margin with 3 small spines and on the outer distal corner with I stout upward-curving spine; rami without lateral spines, but bearing a single short apical spine. Uropod 2 similar to uropod 1, but shorter. Uropod 3 extending back farther than uropod 1, peduncle about half the length of the first joint of the outer ramus; outer ramus rather stout and broad, with a group of small spines near the middle of the outer margin, a group of setae near the end, and a row of setae on the inner margin; second joint very small; inner ramus nearly half the length of the outer ramus, inner margin and apex bearing a few setae.

The gill of gnathopod 2 and peraeopods 1, 2, and 3 bears 2 small sausage-shaped appendages; gill of peraeopod 4 bears 3 appendages and that of peraeopod 5 bears 1 appendage. Telson reaching beyond the end of peduncle of uropod 3, cleft nearly to its base, each lobe bearing 1 small lateral and a small apical spine. Length of male 37 mm.

Type——A male, U.S.N.M. No. 92784, taken from beach at Point Barrow base, Alaska (71° 19’ N., 156° 41’ W.), September 28, 1950. Received from Naval Research Laboratory, U. S. Navy.

Female.—The female is like the male and is about the same size.

Family DEXAMINIDAE GUERNEA NORDENSKIGLDII (Hansen)

Prinassus nordenskiéldii HANSEN, 1887a, p. 82, pl. 2, fig. 7; pl. 3, fig. I— STEPHENSEN, 1913, p. 128. Guernea nordenskiéldii STEBBING, 1906, p. 522.—SHOEMAKER, 1930), p. 335.

Material collected—tIn 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 120 feet, September 15, 1948, I specimen. In 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, I specimen. In 341 feet, 6 miles out, October 11, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 2 specimens.

Guernea nordenskidldii was described by H. J. Hansen from Davis Strait in 1887. In 1917, 9 specimens were taken in the Gulf of St.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 57

Lawrence by the Cheticamp Expedition. In the U. S. National Museum there are 3 specimens from Woods Hole, Mass. The present records from Alaska extend the range of this small amphipod con- siderably to the west. It measures about 3.3 mm., and has been recorded between 28 and 113 m.

Family TALITRIDAE HYALE, species

A single male Hyale was taken September 15, 1948, off Point Barrow, at a depth of 120 feet, and it appears to be the only represen- tative of this genus ever taken on the northern coast of Alaska. Hyale prevostii Milne-Edwards was recorded from Murman Coast by K. M. Derjugin in 1915 (p. 451), and by E. Gurjanova in 1931 (p. 200), but these two identifications are undoubtedly incorrect, as H. prevostii, being a temperate-water species, does not occur in cold northern or arctic waters. The male taken off Point Barrow does not agree with any of the described species of Hyale; therefore, more material from Point Barrow will have to be studied before the status of this specimen can be determined.

Family AORIDAE LEMBOS ARCTICUS (Hansen)

Microdeutopus arcticus HANSEN, 1887), p. 231, pl. 22, fig. 3.

Lembos arcticus STEBBING, 1906, p. 505.—BRUGGEN, 1909, p. 39, pl. 3, figs. 22-28. —DERJAVIN, 1930, p. 327—GURJANOVA, 1935a, Pp. 77——STEPHENSEN, 1942, p. 366, fig. 53.

Material collected—Washed ashore September 9, 1948, I speci- men 9. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, 2 specimens J and 9.

This species has been taken in the Kara Sea, Barents Sea, Nova Zembla, Jugor Strait, Sea of Japan, and now from northern Alaska. It is a large species, measuring as much as 29 mm., and it has been taken as low as 100 m.

Family PHOTIDAE PHOTIS REINHARDI Kroyer

Photis reinhardi Sars, 1894, p. 569, pl. 202—STEBBING, 1906, p. 607.—STEPHEN- SEN, 1942, p. 369; 1944b, p. 117—SHOEMAKER, 1945a, Pp. 3, fig. I.

Material collected—In 110 feet, September 9, 1948, I specimen. In 125: feet, September 9, 1948, 7 specimens. In 120 feet, Septem-

58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

ber 15, 1948, 2 specimens. In 120 feet, August 8, 1949, I specimen. In 438 and 741 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, 2 specimens. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, 2 specimens. In 341 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1949, I specimen. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October I1, 1949, 25 speci- mens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 4 specimens. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, 7 specimens.

Photis reinhardi is probably a circumpolar species that extends down into the North Atlantic and North Pacific. It has been recorded from the coasts of northern Europe, Iceland, East and West Green- land, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence, east coast of the United States as far south as the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Pacific from the Sea of Okhotsk. It reaches a length of 5 mm., and has been recorded from shallow water down to about 94 m.

EURYSTHEUS MELANOPS Sars Figure 17, a-d

Gammaropsis melanops Sars, 1894, p. 560, pl. 199, fig. 1, &. Eurystheus maculatus STEBBING, 1906, p. 617. Eurystheus melanops STEPHENSEN, 1042, p. 370.

Material collected—In 125 feet, 5 to 12.1 miles out, September 8 to 23, 1948, 29 specimens. In 152 to 741 feet, 4 to 16 miles out. August 17 to October 14, 1949, 50 specimens.

As the second gnathopod of the male appears to be quite variable, figures of the gnathopods of a male measuring 8 mm. taken at Point Barrow are given here. A figure of the long, slender epistome, which is characteristic of this species, is also given. Eurystheus melanops has been recorded from Murman Coast, White Sea, Nova Zembla, Iceland, East and West Greenland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Norway, and Denmark. In the U. S. National Museum there are specimens from Eastport, Maine, taken in 1893. It reaches a length of about 12 mm., and has been recorded as low as 100 m.

PROTOMEDEIA FASCIATA Kroyer Figure 17, e-f Protomedeia fasciata Sars, 1894, p. 552, pl. 196.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 623.— STEPHENSEN, 1942, p. 376, fig. 56.

Material collected.—In 110 feet, September 8, 1948, about 60 speci- mens. Washed ashore August 21, 1949, I specimen. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, 2 specimens.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 59

The male here figured, measuring about 8 mm., is as figured by Stephensen (1942, p. 376, fig. 56). The distal lobe at the lower hind margin of the second joint of the first gnathopod of the male is very characteristic of this species.

Fic. 17—a-d, Eurystheus melanops Sars. Male: a, head, showing epistome ; b, gnathopod 1; c, gnathopod 2; d, seventh joint of gnathopod 2. e, f, Proto- medeia fasciata Kroyer. Male: e, gnathopod 1; f, gnathopod 2. g-i, Protomedeia grandimana Briiggen. Male: g, gnathopod 1; h, gnathopod 2; i, end of sixth joint gnathopod 2, showing the overlapping seventh joint.

Protomedeia fasciata has been recorded from Kara Sea; White Sea; Murman Coast; North, West, and South Norway; Kattegat and Skagerrak; east coast of England; Shetland Islands; Faroe Island; Iceland; Gulf of St. Lawrence; Woods Hole, Mass.; Greenland;

60 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Dolphin and Union Strait; Kotzebue Sound, Alaska; and Spitz- bergen. The present specimens are the first from the north coast of Alaska. This species measures about 8 mm., and it has been taken from shallow water down to about 87 m.

PROTOMEDEIA GRANDIMANA Briggen

Figure 17, g-i Protomedeia grandimana BRUGGEN, 1905, p. 223, pl. fig. 5; 1907, p. 233, figs. 8, 9 —STEBBING, 1906, p. 738.—STEPHENSEN, 1942, p. 379 (part), fig. 57; 1944b, p. 122.

Material collected.—In 110 feet, September 8, 1948, 3 specimens.

The males taken at Point Barrow agree with a male 9 mm. in length identified by Briiggen, which is now in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. The figures here given of an Alaskan male agree with the specimen identified by Briiggen. Gnathopod 1 has no lobe at the lower hind margin of the second joint; the fifth joint is about as wide as, but a little longer than, the sixth; sixth joint with short convex palm which merges into the hind margin of joint without defining angle; seventh joint slender, slightly curved, and much longer than the palm. Gnathopod 2 much like Briiggen’s figure; fifth joint a little wider and longer than sixth; sixth joint has palm nearly transverse, with a raised, finely serrate central ridge, palm defined by a rounding angle bearing a stout spine; seventh joint strong, greatly curved, and closing against the inside surface of sixth joint. This species reaches a length of 9 mm., and has been taken from shallow water down to 160 m.

Protomedeia grandimana has been recorded from Murman Coast, Kara Sea, Spitzbergen, and now from Alaska. Many of the localities assigned to this species by Stephensen (1942, pp. 384 and 385) undoubtedly apply only to the following species, Protomedeia stephensem.

PROTOMEDEIA STEPHENSENI, new species Figure 18, a-l Protomedeia grandimana STEPHENSEN, 1942, p. 379 (part), figs. 58, 50.

Material collected——Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, Alaska, August 2I, 1949, 10 specimens. Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, Alaska, September 22, 1949, I specimen.

Stephensen (1942, p. 379, figs. 58 and 59) partially described and figured a male and female specimen of Protomedeia which he identi- fied as P. grandimana Brtiggen. His specimens, taken at East Iceland

No. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 61

and North Norway, are undoubtedly the same as the present speci- mens taken at Point Barrow, Alaska. Mature specimens of this species and mature specimens of P. grandimana, both taken at Point

Fic. 18.—Protomedeia stephenseni, new species. Male: a, front end of animal ; b, mandible; c, maxilla 1; d, maxilla 2; e, maxilliped; f, lower lip; g, palm and seventh joint of gnathopod 2; h, peraeopod 4; i, uropod 1; j, uropod 3, side view; k, uropod 3, top view; /, hind end of animal.

Barrow, present characters which definitely separate these two species. I am, therefore, naming this new species in honor of the late Dr. K. Stephensen.

Male.—Head about as long as the first two body segments com-

62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

bined ; lateral lobes rather prominent ; eye small and dark. Antenna 1 considerably longer than antenna 2; first peduncular joint shorter than second; third joint about one-third as long as second; flagellum longer than peduncle and composed of about 30 joints; accessory flagellum of 7 joints. Antenna 2, third peduncular joint about two- thirds as long as fourth, which is about one-third longer than the fifth; flagellum a little longer than the fifth peduncular joint and composed of about 9g joints.

Mandible, cutting edge narrow; accessory plate bearing distal teeth ; 2 teeth in spine row followed by a few plumose setules ; molar strong with its base produced into a blunt process; palp long, third joint about three-fourths as long as the second, very setose, and armed distally with many long and short spines, a few of the short ones being pectinate. Lower lip with large inner lobes and short blunt mandibular processes. Maxilla 1, inner plate short with only a few marginal setules; outer plate armed with Io or I1 spine teeth; palp large, expanded distally, its obliquely truncate end armed on the inside with I1 spines and on the outside with 12. Maxilla 2, outer plate longer than inner, both expanded distally and armed with long and short spinules. Maxilliped, inner lobe reaching to middle of outer lobe and armed on the rounding distal end with a few slender spines but no spine teeth; outer lobe reaching nearly to end of second joint of palp, inner margin armed with slender spine teeth; palp with second joint expanded in the middle; third joint short; fourth joint small and siender and bearing a sharp slender nail.

Gnathopod 1, fifth joint a little longer and wider than sixth; sixth joint with short transverse palm which is greatly overlapped by the seventh joint. Gnathopod 2 longer and stouter than 1; fifth joint longer and wider than sixth; sixth joint with short transverse palm defined by a stout spine; seventh joint considerably overlapping palm and armed on inner margin with a few short spinules and setules. Both gnathopods very setose or hairy. Peraeopods 1 and 2 subequal in length with proportions as shown by figure 18, a. Peraeopods 3 to 5 much alike and increasing consecutively in length. The armature of peraeopods 3 to 5 as shown for peraeopods 4 (fig. 18, /).

Lower posterior margin of metasome segment 3 evenly and bluntly rounding (fig. 18, 7). Uropods 1 and 2 extending back the same dis- tance and both armed with long slender spines. Uropod 3 extending back a little farther than uropod 2; outer ramus longer than inner, both rami bearing rows of long slender spines, and outer ramus carrying also a group of long apical spines which are characteristic of this species; the peduncle when viewed from above shows an inner

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 63

proximal lobe (fig. 18, k). Coxal plates overlapping slightly; first plate produced considerably forward below, and all plates furnished with long marginal setae. Length of fully grown male about 14 mm.

Female.—The female is like the male except that the gnathopods are a little smaller and weaker. Mature females are as large as the males.

Type—A male, U.S.N.M. No. 92257, washed ashore at Point Bar- row base, Alaska, August 21, 1949, collected by Geo. E. MacGinitie.

Beside the Alaskan specimens there are in the U. S. National Museum a specimen of this species taken at Nain, Labrador, August 1908; and one at Port Burwell, Labrador, October 1927.

Protomedeia stephenseni has been taken at Spitzbergen, North Norway, Iceland, East and West Greenland. Many of the localities assigned to this species by Stephensen (1942, pp. 384 and 385) un- doubtedly belong only to P. grandimana.

Remarks.—The female of P. stephenseni can be distinguished from P. fasciata by the group of long terminal setae on the outer ramus of the third uropod, the latter species having only one long seta and several short terminal spines. P. grandimana has a few long terminal setae, but not a conspicuous brush as in P. stephensent.

PODOCEROPSIS LINDAHLII Hansen Figure 10, a-g

Podoceropsis lindahlii HANsEN, 1887a, p. 157, pl. 6, fig. 2—STEBBING, 1906, p. 619.

Material collected—lIn 135 feet of water, 3.1 miles out, March 9, 1950, I specimen.

The specimen described and figured by Hansen appears to have been a female. As this species has not been taken since its discovery in 1887, the single specimen, a male, taken at Point Barrow, is here described and figured.

Male.—Head about as long as the first two body segments com- bined; lateral lobes produced considerably forward; eye oval and situated in the front of the lateral lobe. Antenna 1 a little over two- thirds as long as antenna 2, which is about one-half as long as the body. Antenna 1, first joint two-thirds as long as the second, and equal in length to the third; second joint one-third longer than third joint; flagellum about two-thirds as long as the peduncle and con- sisting of about 12 joints. Antenna 2, third joint a little over one- third the length of the fourth, which is equal in length to the fifth; flagellum not quite as long as the fifth peduncular joint, and con- sisting of about 7 joints, the first of which is the longest.

64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

I | 1 fl A \Z q | } K qt E HY

a, front end of animal;

Fic. 19.—Podoceropsis lindahlii Hansen. Male: b, gnathopod 1; c, gnathopod 2; d, peraeopod 2; e, hind end of animal; f, uropod

3; g, telson.

no. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 65

Gnathopod 1 slender; second and fifth joints equal in length; sixth joint a little shorter than the fifth, but equal to it in width; palm very short and oblique and defined by a very thin lamella bearing very fine marginal teeth ; hind margin of joint bearing 3 stout spines and several long slender spines; seventh joint reaching down beyond the middle of hind margin of the sixth joint, and armed on the inner margin with very fine teeth and a number of setules. Gnathopod 2 much larger and stronger than 1; second joint short and broad and slightly produced at the lower front corner; fifth joint shorter than wide; sixth joint strongly developed and one-third longer than wide; palm very oblique and nearly twice as long as the hind margin of the joint, a protuberance bearing a notch near the hinge, rest of palm sinuous, and concave near the defining angle; the defining angle and the adjacent border of the hind margin produced into a thin lamella which projects inward toward the axis of the body; seventh joint strongly curved, with the apex resting on the inside of palm near the defining angle, and bearing a prominent knob which rests on the inner surface of the protuberance of the palm when the joint is closed against the palm.

Peraeopods I and 2 alike, fourth joint expanded; fifth joint a little over half the length of the sixth; both fifth and sixth joints slender; seventh joint slender and not quite half the length of the sixth. Peraeopods 3 to 5 missing. Metasome segments with the lower lateral hind margin bulging considerably backward, and with the lower hind angle obtuse. The first and second urosome segments with a seta on either side of the posterior dorsal margin.

Coxal plate 1 the narrowest and 2 the broadest. Uropods 1 and 2 extending back about the same distance, with the outer ramus a little shorter than the inner. Uropod 1, peduncle armed on upper outer margin with about 9g short spinules, and with the lower distal end produced into a stout upward-curving tooth or projection. Uropod 2, peduncle with 1 or 2 spinules on upper outer margin, and without a tooth or projection on the lower distal end. Uropod 3 not reaching back quite as far as 2; rami of nearly equal length and as long as their peduncle. Telson not reaching to end of peduncle of uropod 3, wider than long and bearing a few posterior setae. The length of the male, 7mm. Stebbing gives 91 m. for the depth of this species.

Family JASSIDAE ISCHYROCERUS LATIPES Kroyer

Ischyrocerus latipes KROYER, 1842, p. 162—STEPHENSEN, 1913, p. 212; 1944b, Pp. 124.—SCHELLENBERG, 1924, p. 210, fig. 10; 1935, p. 20.—GURJANOVA, 1935a, p. 77.

66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Podocerus latipes Boeck, 1876, p. 600, pl. 29, fig. 1—HansEN, 1887a, p. 161,

pl. 6, fig. 3.

Podocerus assimilis Sars, 1885, p. 205, pl. 17, fig. I. Ischyrocerus assimilis 4 latipes STEBBING, 1906, pp. 659, 660. Ischyrocerus assimilis STEPHENSEN, 1944a, Pp. 31, figs. 22, 23.

Material collected—tIn depths from the beach down to 520 feet, between July 21, 1948, to July 29, 1951, about 300 specimens.

There are reasons that lead one to believe that [schyrocerus latipes Kroyer and Podocerus assinulis Sars are one and the same species. Kroyer did not give the length of J. latipes, but Stebbing gives the length as 14 to 15 mm. Podocerus assimilis was described from a small specimen of 8 mm. The discrepancies in the descriptions of these two species could be due to the immaturity of Podocerus assimilis. Sars shows the lower hind corner of the third metasome segment as evenly and broadly rounding, which may have been due to the difficulty of observing the outline of the colorless transparent segment. In larger, more-mature specimens, this angle is quadrate or even slightly produced. He figures the first and second uropods as having very few spinules, which is correct for small specimens where the spinules are few and difficult to observe. The number of spinules on the uropods increases considerably with the size of the animal. In the specimen of assimilis measuring 9 mm., figured by Stephensen (1944a, p. 31, fig. 22u), there are 10 spinules on the outer margins of the outer ramus of the first uropod, while in speci- mens from Point Barrow measuring 16 mm. there are at least twice that number. The specimens from Point Barrow that have been identi- fied as Ischyrocerus latipes agree with the figures given by Stephensen for Ischyrocerus assimilis. Little can be learned from Boeck’s figure (1876, pl. 29, fig. 1) which, if it is of J. latipes, does not agree in some characters with that species. The specimens from Point Barrow and Stephensen’s figure of I. assimilis agree with the figures given by Han- sen (1887a, pl. 6, fig. 3) of Podocerus latipes as far as they go.

This species was correctly placed in the genus Ischyrocerus by Kroyer. Later authors placed it in Podocerus, and Stebbing in 1906 returned it to [schyrocerus.

Ischyrocerus latipes has been recorded from Spitzbergen, White Sea, Kara Sea, Barents Sea, Jugor Strait, New Siberian Islands, East and West Greenland, and now for the first time from Alaska, where it appears to be quite common. This is a large species, reaching a length of 15 mm. or more. It has been taken down to 350 m.

The specimens from Hudson Bay identified as J. assimulis (Shoe- maker, 1926, p. 10) have been examined and have been found to be Ischyrocerus latipes Kroyer.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—-SHOEMAKER 67

ISCHYROCERUS COMMENSALIS Chevreux

Ischyrocerus commensalis CHEVREUX, 1900, p. 104, pl. 12, fig. 2—STEBBING, 1906, Dp. 739.—SHOEMAKER, 1930b, p. 344, fig. 51——-GuRJANOovA, 1935b, p. 558. —STEPHENSEN, 1944a, p. 28.

Material collected.—In 80 feet, July 21, 1948, 3 specimens. In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 16 specimens. In 120 feet, September 15, 1948, 5 specimens. In 420 feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, I specimen. In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 20, 1949, 7 speci- mens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, 9 specimens. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1950, I specimen. Dredged in 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, I specimen.

Ischyrocerus commensalis was described by Edouard Chevreux from off Newfoundland in 1900. It was recorded from the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1930. Gurjanova recorded it from Jugor Strait in 1935; and in 1944 Stephensen recorded it from West Greenland. The present records are the first for Alaska. Numerous specimens of this species were taken in Pavlof Bay, Alaska Peninsula, in 1940, by Dr. Waldo L. Schmitt while on the Alaska king crab investigation.

This species measures about 6 mm., and has been taken as deep as

682 m.

Family COROPHIIDAE UNCIOLA LEUCOPIS (Kroyer)

Unciola leucopis Sars, 1894, p. 620, pl. 222—STEBBING, 1906, p. 678.—GuR- JANOVA, 19354, p. 78.—STEPHENSEN, 1042, p. 405; 1944b, p. 1290.—SHOEMAKER, 1945b, p. 451, fig. 3.

Material collected —In 8o feet, September 9, 1948, 1 specimen. In 438 feet, 12.1 miles out, August 17, 1949, I specimen. In 477 feet, 16 miles out, September 6, 1949, 3 specimens. In 218 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 7 specimens. In 295 feet, 5 miles out, October 6, 1949, 4 specimens. In 341 feet, 6 miles out, October 11, 1949, I speci- men. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October II, 1949, 4 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles out, February 18, 1950, 2 specimens. Dredged at 38 m., July 29, 1951, near Point Barrow, I specimen.

Unciola leucopis has been recorded from Nova Zembla, Spitz- bergen, west coast of Norway, Iceland, east and west coasts of Green- land, and along the east coast of North America down to Georges Bank off the coast of Massachusetts. The present records are the first for Alaska. This species reaches a length of 15 mm., and has been taken as deep as 1,260 m.

68 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

ERICTHONIUS HUNTERI (Bate)

Cerapus hunteri Bate, 1862, p. 264, pl. 45, fig. 3. Ericthonius hunteri Sars, 1894, p. 605, pl. 216, fig. 2.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 673.— CHEvREUX and FaGcE, 1925, p. 354, fig. 363—STEPHENSEN, 1942, p. 403.

Material collected—In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, about 30 specimens. In 125 feet, September 15, 1948, I speci- men. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 3 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, 4 specimens. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 15 specimens. In 162 feet, 3.2 miles from beacon light, February 18, 1950, 15' specimens.

Stephensen gives the following distribution: “West coast of Nor- way; Murman Coast; White Sea; northern Russia; Barents Sea; Jugor Strait; Bay of Biscay; Faroes; Black Sea; and Okhotsk Sea.” The present records are the first for Alaska. Ericthonius hunteri reaches a length of 15 mm., and has been recorded down to 235 m.

ERICTHONIUS TOLLI Briiggen Ericthonius tolli Britccen, 1909, p. 41, pl. 1, fig. 6, pl. 3, figs. 29-34.—SHOE-

MAKER, 1926, p. 10.—STEPHENSEN, 1933, Pp. 50.—GURJANOVA, 1938, PP. 374,

404.

Material collected —In 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 50 specimens. In 130 feet, 4 miles out, August 9, 1949, 2 speci- mens. In 420 feet, 7 miles out, August 9, 1949, 6 specimens. In 180 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, 15 specimens. In 217 feet, 7.5 miles out, September 6, 1949, 17 specimens. In 477 feet, 16 miles out, September 6, 1949, 3 specimens. In 130 feet, 6 miles out, Sep- tember 15, 1949, 7 specimens. In 216 feet, 4.3 miles out, October 6, 1949, 4 specimens. In 341 feet, 6 miles out, October II, 1949, 30 specimens. In 453 feet, 8 miles out, October 11, 1949, 20 specimens. In 152 feet, 3.5 miles out, October 14, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, 4 miles out, October 14, 1949, 8 specimens. Dredged at 6 to 50 m., July 29, 1951, 75 specimens.

Ericthonius tolli was described by Briiggen in 1909 from off Siberia (76° 37’ N., 147° 27’ E.) from a depth of 42 m. In 1926 it was recorded from Hudson Bay. Stephensen recorded it in 1933 from West Greenland (76° 40’ N., 76° 20’ W.), taken in 85 m. It was recorded from Japan in 1930 by Derjavin, and in 1938 by Gurjanova. The present records are the first for Alaska. There are in the U. S. National Museum a considerable number of specimens taken by the Fisheries steamer Albatross in Bering Sea in 1890. This species reaches a length of 13 mm., and it has been taken as deep as 235 m.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 69

Family PODOCERIDAE DULICHIA SPINOSISSIMA Kroyer

Dulichia spinosissima Sars, 1894, p. 635, pl. 228.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 709.— STEPHENSEN, 1042, p. 416.

Material collected—Washed ashore September 12, 1949, I speci- men. Washed ashore October 3, 1949, 1 specimen. Washed ashore October 28, 1949, 1 specimen. In 162 feet, February 18, 1950, I speci- men. In 80 feet, March 13, 1950, I specimen. From beach at Point Barrow, September 24, 1950, 2 specimens.

Dulichia spinosissima is a large circumpolar species that has not heretofore been recorded from Alaska. It reaches a length of 31 mm., and has been taken as deep as 100 m.

DULICHIA PORRECTA (Bate)

Dyopedos porrectus BATE, 1857, p. 151. Dulichia porrecta STEBBING, 1906, p. 712.—Sars, 1894, p. 637. pl. 229.— STEPHENSEN, 1942, p. 410.

Material collected—In 80 feet, August 21, 1948, 9 specimens. In 213 feet, October 6, 1949, I specimen. In 175 feet, October 14, 1949, I specimen.

Dulichia porrecta has been recorded from Norway; Denmark; northwestern France; Shetlands; Iceland; West Greenland; Hudson Bay; Cape Smyth and Point Barrow, Alaska; and Northwest Pacific. It measures about 6 mm., and has been taken down to 118 m.

DULICHIA ARCTICA Murdoch Figure 20

Dulichia arctica Murvocu, 1885a, p. 521; 1885b, p. 140, pl. 2, fig. 3.—STEBBING, 1906, p. 710.

Material collected—In 184 feet, 5 miles out, August 30, 1949, I specimen. Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, September 12, 1949, I specimen. From the beach at Point Barrow, September 28, 1950, 4 specimens.

John Murdoch described this species from Point Barrow and Cape Smyth, Alaska, in 1885. In 1930 it was recorded from the Gulf of St. Lawrence from specimens taken by the Cheticamp Expedition. In the U. S. National Museum there is a male taken at Egg Harbor, Labrador, by Owen Bryant, August 10, 1908.

Murdoch’s description being very brief and his figure lacking nearly all detail, a figure of a male 20 mm. in length, and a short diagnosis of the principal characters are given here.

70 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

The eye, which is reddish brown in alcohol, is situated in an oval, bulging area. The mesosome segments (with the exception of the seventh) bear on the lower margin an angular projection. The first coxal plate is produced into a long, narrow, pointed process. The second coxal-plate bears a pointed process at the lower front and hind corner and a round knob in the middle. The third to seventh coxal plates bear a pointed or angular process on the lower margin. Gnathopod 1, sixth joint with a very short, nearly transverse palm. Gnathopod 2, second joint with the lower front corner produced into an angular process ; sixth joint bearing 2 sharp angular processes ; and

Fic. 20.—Dulichia arctica Murdoch. Male. Entire animal.

seventh joint bearing on its lower margin a prominent tooth or tuber- cle near the hinge and a lower, broader tubercle toward the apex.

Peraeopods 1 and 2 short and slender; second joint very little expanded. Peraeopods 3 to 5 rather short with second joint scarcely at all expanded. Peraeopod 5 longer than 3 or 4. The coalesced first and second urosome segments shorter than uropod I.

The figure given by Murdoch was of a smaller male, which did not possess fully developed characters. Dulichia arctica reaches a length of at least 20 mm., and it has been taken as low as 75 m.

PARADULICHIA, species

Material collected—Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, Au- gust 21, 1949, I specimen. Beach at Point Barrow base, Septem- ber 28, 1950, No. 528, I specimen.

These 2 male specimens, measuring about 9 mm. each, are not in a sufficiently good state of preservation for describing or figuring.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 71

Suborder HYPERIIDEA Family HYPERIIDAE HYPERIA MEDUSARUM (Miiller)

Hyperia medusarum Bova.utus, 1889, p. 147, pl. 9, figs. 1-21.—Sars, 1890, p. 7, pl. 3, fig. 2—STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 15; 1024, p. 80; 1933, p. 61; 1940b, p. 4.

Material collected—From medusa taken halfway between Point Barrow and Point Barrow base, August 10, 1948, I specimen. Washed ashore near Point Barrow base July 20-23, 1949, 8 speci- mens ; August 21, 1949, I specimen ; September 22, 1949, 2 specimens ; September 28, 1949, I specimen; October 1-5, 1949, 8 specimens; November 19, 1949, 2 specimens. In fish trap, February 20, 1950, I specimen. Washed ashore at Point Barrow base, July 19, 1950, 87 specimens. Beach at Point Barrow base, September 28, I950, 5 specimens.

Hyperia medusarum occurs in the North Atlantic and North Pacific, and there are a few records from the Arctic. It has been recorded from Hudson Bay (Shoemaker, 1926, p. 3) and from Point Barrow by John Murdoch in 1885. It reaches a length of 15 mm., and has been taken as low as 250 m.

HYPERIA GALBA (Montagu)

Hyperia galba Sars, 1890, p. 7, pl. 2, pl. 3, fig. 1—CALMAN, 1808, p. 265.— WALKER, 10904, Pp. 235.—STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 17; 10944b, p. 9.—BARNARD, 1930, Pp. 411; 1932, p. 273.

Material collected—tIn 80 feet, 1.8 miles out, March 20, 1950, 6 specimens.

Dr. Stephensen says of this species: “Very widely distributed in the northern Atlantic, mainly north of 50° N., and arctic seas; probably circumpolar.” Barnard (1930, p. 411) records it west of the Falkland Islands, and from Melbourne Harbor, Australia, and later (1932, p. 273) from South Africa. This species reaches a length of about 24 mm., and has been taken as low as 2,000 m.

HYPEROCHE MEDUSARUM (Kriyer)

Hyperoche kroeyert Sars, 1890, p. 9, pl. 4——SHOEMAKER, 1920, p. 24. Hyperoche medusarum STEPHENSEN, 1923, Pp. 13; 1933, D. 61; I940b, p. 5.— BARNARD, 1932, p. 276.—CRAWFORD, 1936, p. 105.

Material collected.—In plankton off Point Barrow base, August 16, 1948, I specimen.

Stephensen says of this species: “A boreo-arctic species, widely distributed in the northern Atlantic with adjacent arctic seas.” It

72 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

has been recorded from Collinson Point, Alaska (H. kroeyerit Shoe- maker, 1920, p. 24) ; and from the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Shoemaker 1930b, p. 350). It ranges in length from 8 to 20 mm., and has been taken between 200 and 1800 m.

THEMISTO LIBELLULA (Mandt)

Themisto libellula BucHuotz, 1874, p. 385, pl. 15, fig. 1—Sars, 1800, p. 13, pl. 6, fig. 1—STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 24; 1033, p. 63; 1944b, p. 12.

Material collected—tIn 125 feet, 4 to 5 miles out, September 9, 1948, 3 specimens. Off Point Barrow base in plankton, July 26, 1948, 2 specimens. Washed ashore September 6, 1949, 1 specimen; and September 12, 1949, about 1,000 specimens. Washed ashore at Elson Lagoon, September 20, 1949, I specimen. On beach at Point Barrow, September 24, 1950, 4 specimens.

Themisto libellula is a circumpolar species which dips down into the North Atlantic to Iceland and southern Greenland. It has been recorded from Bernard Harbor, Northwest Territories, and Dolphin and Union Strait (Shoemaker, 1920) ; and from Hudson Bay (Shoe- maker, 1926). The present records are the first for Alaska. This species measures from 10 to 60 mm., and has been taken as deep as 2,500 m.

THEMISTO ABYSSORUM (Boeck)

Parathemisto oblivia Sars, 1890, p. 10, pl. 5, fig. 1. Themisto abyssorum STEPHENSEN, 1923, p. 20, chart 4; 1944b, p. Io.

Material collected —Taken at beach, Point Barrow, September 24, 1950, I specimen.

Themisto abyssorum is an arctic species that dips down into th northern part of the North Atlantic and North Pacific. Stephensen gives 17 to 21 mm. as the length of this species. A depth of 3127 m. has been recorded by Sars between Norway and Jan Mayen.

LITERATURE CITED Barnarp, K. H. 1930. Amphipoda. British Antarctic (Terra Nova) Expedition 1910, Nat. Hist. Rep., Zool., vol 8, No. 4, pp. 307-454. 1932. Amphipoda. Discovery Reports, vol. 5, pp. 1-326. Bate, C. SPENCE. 1857. A synopsis of the British edriophthalmous Crustacea. Pt. 1, Amphi- poda. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. 19, pp. 135-152, 2 figs. 1862. Catalogue of the specimens of amphipodous crustaceans in the collec- tion of the British Museum, pp. 1-399, pls. 1-58. 1864. Characters of new species of crustaceans discovered by J. K. Lord on the coast of Vancouver Island. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, pp. 662-668.

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 73

BLAKE, CHARLES H. 1933. Biological survey of the Mount Desert region. Pt. 5, Marine fauna. (Amphipoda, pp. 248-257.) Boeck, AXEL J. 1871. Crustacea Amphipoda borealis et arctica. Vid.-Selsk. Forh., 1870, pp. 81-284. Christiania. 1876. De skandinaviske og arktiske Amphipoder [1873-1876], vol. 2, pp. I-711, pls. 1-32, Christiania. BovaLiius, CARL. 1889. Contributions to a monograph of the Amphipoda Hyperiidea. Part I: 2. Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 1-443, pls. 1-18, BRUGGEN, ERNST VON DER. 1905. Die Amphipoden des Katharinahafens (Murmankiiste) und seiner Umgebungen. Trav. Soc. Imp. Nat. St. Petersburg, vol. 36, Compt. Rend. 1905 (1905-1906), pp. 218-228, figs. 1-5. (Russian with German summary.) 1907. Zoologische Ergebnisse der russischen Expedition nach Spitzbergen. Amphipoda. Ann. Mus. Zool., St. Petersburg, vol. 11 [1906], pp. 214-245, figs. I-09. 1909. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Amphipoden-Fauna der russischen Arctis. Mem. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, ser. 8, vol. 18, No. 16, pp. 1-57, pls. 1-3, text figs. 1-4. BucHHorz, R. 1874. Crustaceen. Zweite deutsche Nordpolarfahrt 1869-70 unter Fiihrung des Kapt. Koldewey, vol. 2, Wiss. Ergebn., pp. 262-399, pls. I-15. ButycuHeva, A. 1936. New species of Amphipoda from the Japan Sea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 18, pp. 241-256, figs. 1-35. CaLMAN, W. T. 1898. On a collection of Crustacea from Puget Sound. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 11, No. 13, pp. 259-292, pls. 31-34. CHEVREUX, Ep. 1900. Amphipodes provenant des campagnes de 1|’Hirondelle. Res. Camp. Sci. Monaco, fasc. 16, pp. I-195, pls. 1-18. 1913. Deuxieme Expédition Antarctique Frangaise (1908-1910), pp. 79-186, figs. 1-62. Paris. CHEVREUX, Ep., and Faces, L. 1925. Amphipodes. Faune de France, No. 9, pp. 1-488, figs. 1-438. CHILTON, CHARLES. 1912. The Amphipoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Trans. Roy. Scottish Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 48, pt. 2, No. 23, pp. 455- 520, 2 pls. 1917. The identity of the two amphipods, Ampelisca eschrichtii, Kroyer, and A. macrocephala, Lilljeborg. Journ. Zool. Res., vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 75-93, figs. 1-7. Crawrorp, G. I. 1936. Additions to the Plymouth marine fauna (1931) in the crustacean orders Tanaidacea, Isopoda, and Amphipoda. Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom, vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 95-106, 1 fig.

74 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

DEMENTIEVA, T. 1931. On the variability of the Amphipoda of the northern seas. Trans. State Oceanogr. Inst., vol. 1, Nos. 2-3, pp. 65-82. Moscow. DerjAVIN, A. N. 1930. Arctic elements in the fauna of peracarids of the Sea of Japan. Hydrobiol. Zeitschr., vol. 8, pp. 326-329. Saratow. DeErjucIN, K. M. 1915. La faune du golfe de Kola et les conditions de son existence. Mem. Acad. Sci. Petrograd, ser. 8, vol. 34, No. 1. Amphipoda, pp. 439- 459. (Russian. ) EKMAN, SVEN. 1913. Zwei neue europdische Arten der Amphipoden-gattung Pontoporeia Kroyer. Ark. fiir Zool., vol. 8, No. 8, pp. 1-13, pls. 1-3. Frost, NANncy. 1936. Amphipoda from Newfoundland waters with a description of a new species. Reports: Faunistic series, No. 1. Dept. Nat. Resources, Div. Fisheries Research, Newfoundland, pp. 1-9, text figs. Goés, A. 1866. Crustacea Amphipoda maris Spitzbergiam alluentis cum speciebus aliis arcticis. Ofv. Vet. Akad. Forhandl., vol. 22, pp. 517-536, pls. 35-41. GurjANova, E. 1929a. Neue Formen arktischer Isopoden und Amphipoden. Zool. Anz., vol. 81, pp. 309-317, figs. 1-8. 1929b. On the fauna of Crustacea-Malacostraca of the Barents Sea, White Sea, and Kara Sea. Trav. Soc. Nat. Leningrad, vol. 59, pp. 29-46, figs. I-7. 1930. Beitrage zur Fauna der Crustacea-Malacostraca des arktischen Gebietes. Zool. Anz., vol. 86, pp. 241-248. 1931. Zur Amphipoda- und Isopoda-Fauna der Ostlichen Murmankiiste (im Gebiet der Purtshnicha-Bucht). Trans. Inst. Sci. Expl. of the North, vol. 48, pp. 196-201. 1932. Some contributions to the fauna of Crustacea of the Brothers Laptev’s Sea (of Nordenskjold’s Sea). Explorations des mers d’USSR. Inst. Hydrolog., fase. 15, pp. 157-187, 3 figs., 4 pls. 1935a. Contribution to the fauna of Amphipoda and Isopoda of the southern part of the Kara Sea. Explorations des mers d’USSR. Inst. Hydrobiol., fasc. 21, pp. 65-87, figs. 1-8. 1935b. Zur Zoogeographie der Crustacea Malacostraca des arktischen Gebietes. Zoogeographica, vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 555-571, fig. 1. 1936a. Contribution to the fauna of Crustacea Malacostraca of the Arctic Region. Trans. Arctic Inst., Leningrad, vol. 33, pp. 31-44, 4 figs. 1936b. Neue Beitrage zur Fauna der Crustacea-Malacostraca des arktischen Gebietes. Zool. Anz., vol. 113, No. 9/10, pp. 245-255, figs. 1-5. 1938. Amphipoda, Gammaroidea. Rep. Japan Sea Hydrobiol. Exped. Zool., Inst. Acad. Sci., USSR, of 1934, pt. 1, pp. 241-404, 59 figs. Hansen, H. J. 1887a. Malacostraca marina Groenlandiae occidentalis. Oversigt over det vestlige Grgnlands Fauna af Malakostrake Havkrebsdyr. Vid. Medd. Naturhist. Foren. i Kjgbenhavn, pp. 5-226, pls. 2-7. (Am- phipoda, pp. 55-177.)

NO. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER 75

1887b. Oversigt over de paa Dijmphna-Togtet indsamlede Krebsdyr. Dijmphna-Togtet zoologisk-botaniske Ubdytte, Kg¢benhavn, pp. 183- 286, pls. 21, 22). (Amphipoda, pp. 210-234.)

fonk, PP: P.°C.

1882. Die Crustaceen gesammelt waehrend der Fahrten des “Willem Barents” in den Jahren 1878 and 1879. Niederl. Arch. Zool., Suppl., vol. I, pp. 1-75, pls. 1-3. (Amphipoda, pp. 42-65.)

Homes, S. J.

1904a. On some new or imperfectly known species of west American Crustacea. Proc. California Acad. Sci., Zool., vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 305-330. (Amphipoda, pp. 313-317, pls. 35, 36.)

1904b. Harriman Alaska Expedition. Amphipod crustaceans of the Ex- pedition, pp. 233-246, figs. 118-128.

1905. The Amphipoda of southern New England. Bull. Bur. Fish. 1904, vol. 24, pp. 457-520, pls. 1-13, text figs.

1908. The Amphipoda collected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer “Albatross” off the west coast of North America, in 1903 and 1904, with descriptions of a new family and several new genera and species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 35, pp. 489-543.

Husricut, LEsiir.

1943. Studies on the nearctic freshwater Amphipoda, III. Notes on the freshwater Amphipoda of eastern United States, with description of ten new species. Amer. Midl. Nat., vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 683-712.

JARZYNSKY, TH.

1870. Praemissus catalogus crustaceorum amphipodum, inventorum in mari glaciali ad litus Murmanicum anno 1869 et 1870. K. Universitat, Zool. Mus. St. Petersburg, vol. I, pt. 2, 2 pp.

Kroyer, HENRIK.

1838. Gronlands Amfipoder. Danske Vid. Selsk., Math.-nat. Afh., vol. 7, Pp. 229-326, pls. 1-4.

1842. Une nordiske Slaeger og Arter af Amfipodernes Orden, henhgrende til Familien Gammarina (Forelgbigt Uddrag af et storre Arbejde). Naturh. Tidsskr., vol. 4 (1842-1843), pp. 141-166.

1845. Karcinologiske Bidrag. Naturh. Tidsskr., ser. 2, vol. 1, pp. 453-638.

1846a. Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 1-211.

1846b. Voyages de la Commission scientifique du Nord, en Scandinavie, en Laponie, au Spitzberg et aux Ferde pendant les Années 1838, 39 et 40, sur la Corvette La Recherche, commandée par Fabvre; publiés par Ordre du Roi sous la Direction de Paul Gaimard. Zoologie. Planches. Paris 2.

LittjEBorc, W.

1865. On the Lysianassa magellanica H. Milne-Edwards, and on the Crustacea of the suborder Amphipoda and subfamily Lysianassa found on the coast of Sweden and Norway. Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsala, ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 1-38.

LocxrincTon, W. N.

1877. Descriptions of seventeen new species of Crustacea. Proc. California

Acad. Sci., vol. 7 [Mar. 20, 1876], pp. 41-48.

76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

MurpocyH, JoHN.

1885a. Descriptions of seven new species of Crustacea and one worm from Arctic Alaska. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. 7 [1884], pp. 518-522.

1885b. Amphipoda. Rep. Internat. Polar Exped. to Point Barrow, Alaska, 1881-1883, pp. 143-149, pls. I, 2.

NorMAN, CANON A.

1895. A month on the Trondhjem Fiord. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol.

15, Pp. 476-494. OrRTMANN, A. E.

1901. Crustacea and Pycnogonida collected during the Princeton Expedi- tion to North Greenland. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 53, Dp. 144-168.

Prriot, JEAN M.

1933. Un nouvel Amphipode ascidicole. Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. Monaco,

No. 633, pp. 1-6, I fig. Sars, G. O.

1863. Beretning om i Sommeren 1862 foretagen zoologisk Reise i Chris- tianias og Trondhjems Stifter. Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenska- berne, vol. 12, pp. 193-252. Christiania.

1885. The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition 1876-1878, Zoology. Crustacea. I, pp. 1-280, pls. 1-21.

1890-1895. An account of the Crustacea of Norway, vol. 1, Amphipoda, pp. I-711, pls. 1-240; Suppl., pls. I-VIII. Christiania.

1900. Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-96, vol. 1, V. Crustacea, pp. I-141, pls. 1-36.

Say, THOMAS.

1818. An account of the Crustacea of the United States. Journ. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 1, No. 2. (Amphipoda, pp. 374-393.) SCHELLENBERG, A.

1924. Die Gammariden Spitzbergens nebst einer Uebersicht der von Romer und Schaudinn 1898 im nordlichen Eismeer gesammelten Arten. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 195-231, figs. I-10.

1931. Gammariden und Caprelliden des Magellangebietes, Sudgeorgiens und der Westantarktis. Swedish Antarctic Exped. 1901-1903, pp. 1-290, I pl., text figs. 1-136.

1934. Der Gammarus des deutschen Susswassers. Zool. Anz., vol. 108, No. 9/10, pp. 209-217, figs. I-5.

1935. Die Amphipoden der Norwegischen Expeditionen nach Ost-Gronland in den Jahren 1929-1932. Skrift. Svalbard og Ishaven, No. 66, pp. 9-39, figs. 1-3.

1937. Kritische Bemerkungen zur Systematik der Susswasser-gammariden. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 69, No. 5/6, pp. 469-516, figs. 1-8.

SEGERSTRALE, SVEN G.

1937. Studien iiber die Bodentierwelt in Siidfinnlandischen Kustengewasser III. Zur Morphologie und Biologie des Amphipoden Pontoporeia affinis, nebst einer Revision der Pontoporeia-Systematik. Soc. Sci. Fennica, Comment. Biol., VII, I, pp. 1-183, pls. 1-10.

SHOEMAKER, C. R.

1920. Crustacea. Pt. E, Amphipoda. Rep. Canadian Arctic Exped. 1913-18,

vol. 7, pp. 1-30, figs. 1-6.

no. I POINT BARROW AMPHIPODA—SHOEMAKER Zi

1926. Report on the marine amphipods collected in Hudson and James Bays by Fritz Johansen in the summer of 1920. V, Results of the Hudson Bay Expedition in 1920. Contr. Canadian Biol. and Fish., vol. 3, No. 1, pp. I-II.

1930a. The lysianassid amphipod crustaceans of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 77, No. 2827, pp. 1-19, figs. I-10.

1930b. The amphipods of the Cheticamp Expedition of 1917. Contr. Canadian Biol. and Fish., vol. 5, No. 10, pp. 221-359, figs. 1-54.

1945a. The amphipod genus Photis on the east coast of North America. Charleston Mus. Leafl. No. 22, pp. I-17, figs. 1-5.

1945b. The amphipod genus Unciola on the east coast of America. Amer. Midl. Nat., vol 34, No. 2, pp. 446-465, figs. 1-9.

SmirH, S. I.

1871. Notice of the invertebrates dredged in Lake Superior in 1871, by the U. S. Lake Survey, under the direction of Gen. C. B. Comstock, S. I. Smith, naturalist. Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, vol. 2, pp. 448-454.

1874. The Crustacea of the fresh waters of the United States. A synopsis of the higher fresh-water Crustacea of the northern United States. Rep. U. S. Commissioner Fish. for 1872 and 1873, pt. 2, pp. 637-709, pls. 1-3.

Srappers, Louts.

1911. Crustacés Malacostracés. Duc d’Orleans, Campagne Arctique de

1907, pp. I-52+I-XII. (Amphipoda, pp. 1-81.) Bruxelles. StesBinG, T. R. R.

1894. The Amphipoda collected during the voyage of the Willem Barents in the Arctic Seas in the years 1880-1884. Bijdr. Dierk., Amster- dam, Afl. 17, pp. 1-49, pls. 1-7.

1906. Amphipoda. 1. Gammaridea. Das Tierreich, Lief. 21, 806+ xxxix pp. Berlin.

STEPHENSEN, K.

1913. Grénlands Krebsdyr og Pycnogonider (Conspectus Crustaceorum et Pycnogonidorum Groenlandiae). Medd. om Grgnland, vol. 22, pp. 1-479.

1923. Crustacea Malacostraca V (Amphipoda I). The Danish Ingolf- Exped., vol. 3, pt. 8, pp. 1-100, figs. 1-22.

1924. Hyperiidea-Amphipoda (pt. 2: Paraphronimidae, Hyperiidae, Dairel- lidae, Phronimidae, Anchylomeridae). Rep. Danish Oceanographic Exped. 1908-1910 to the Mediterranean and Adjacent Seas, vol. 2, D. 4, pp. 71-149, figs. 33-51.

1925. Crustacea Malacostraca VI (Amphipoda II). The Danish Ingolf- Exped., vol. 3, pt. 9, pp. 101-178, figs. 23-53.

1931. Crustacea Malacostraca VII (Amphipoda III). The Danish Ingolf- Exped., vol. 3, pt. 11, pp. 179-290, figs. 54-81.

1933. Amphipoda. The Godthaab Expedition 1928. Medd. om Gr¢gnland, vol. 79, No. 7, 1933, pp. 1-88, figs. 1-31.

1935. The Amphipoda of N. Norway and Spitzbergen with adjacent waters. Troms¢ Mus. Skrift., vol. 3, pt. I, pp. 1-140, figs. I-19.

1938. Ibid., pt. 2, pp. 141-278, figs. 20-31.

78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

1940a. Ibid., pt. 3, pp. 279-362, figs. 32-52.

1940b. Marine Amphipoda. Zool. Iceland, vol. 3, pt. 26, pp. I-111, figs. I-13.

1942. The Amphipoda of N. Norway and Spitzbergen with adjacent waters. Troms¢ Mus. Skrift., vol. 3, pt. 4, pp. 363-526, figs. 53-78.

1944a. Crustacea Malacostraca VIII (Amphipoda IV). The Danish Ingolf- Exped., vol. 3, pt. 13, pp. I-51, figs. 1-38.

1944b. Amphipoda. Zoology of East Greenland. Medd. om Gr¢gnland, vol. 121, No. 14, pp. 1-165, figs. 1-18.

STEPHENSEN, K., and TuHorson, G.

1936. On the amphipod Metopa groenlandica H. J. Hansen found in the mantle cavity of the lamellibranchiate Pandora glacialis Leach in East Greenland. Medd. om Grgnland, vol. 118, No. 4, pp. 1-7, he SenEe:

STIMpPson, WM.

1854. Synopsis of the marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan. Smithsonian Contr. to Knowl., vol. 6 [1853], pp. 1-66, 3 pls.

1864. Descriptions of new species of marine Invertebrata from Puget Sound, collected by the naturalists of the North-west Boundary Commis- sion, A. H. Campbell, Esq., Commissioner. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. 153-162.

Watker, A. O.

1904. Amphipoda. Report to the Government of Ceylon on the pearl oyster fisheries on the Gulf of Manaar. Suppl. Rep. 17, Amphipoda, pp. 231-300, pls. 1-8.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 128, NUMBER 2

Roebling Fund

WASHINGTON, D. C:, PRECIPITATION OF 1954 AND 1955

By Cc. G. ABBOT

Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution

(PusLicaTion 4210)

CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION MARCH 1, 1955

The Lord Baltimore Press

BALTIMORE, MD., U. & As

Roebling Fund

WASHINGTON, D..C., PRECIPITATION OF 1954 AND 1955

By C. G. ABBOT Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution

This is the eleventh year of these papers regarding precipitation on individual days at Washington, D.C.1 Last year? it was stated that the precipitation of 1952 and 1953 departed greatly from the pattern of previous years. This was shown graphically by a figure. But it was pointed out that the great unexpected peak on the eleventh day of the cycle of 27.0074 days, used in these publications, was much lower in 1953 than in 1952. It has disappeared entirely in 1954, as is shown here in figure 1. A moderate unexpected peak, however, appears on the ninth day of the cycle in 1954. This peak is principally caused by the rain of 1.87 inches which fell on May 3, 1954.

In figure 1 the line AA shows average of precipitation in 1954, and the line BB shows the average in the original tabulation of 1924 to 1941. One notes that the days 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 13, 16, 18, 22, 26, and 27—eleven out of the original thirteen, which had greater than average precipitation in the tabulations for the years 1924 to 1941— had greater than average precipitation in 1954.

The year 1954 was a dry year in Washington, but the drought was by no means so severe as that in the southern and southwestern United States, though the precipitation in February, July, and Sep- tember of 1954 was far below normal. It now (January 29) appears likely that the month of January 1955, will be drier than any of those months.

Notwithstanding the peculiarities of Washington precipitation in 1952, 1953, and 1954, just referred to, the prediction published last year, based on a cycle of 27.0074 days, was successful in 1954. The average daily precipitation of the 177 selected preferred days was 1.31 times the average daily precipitation of all other days of 1954. The average daily precipitation on preferred days for 18 years prior to

1 The first, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 104, No. 3, 1944. 2 Thid., vol. 122, No. 13, 1054.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 128, NO. 2

2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

AINA

es ieee

TT NATIT

Fic. 1—Comparison of the 27.0074 cycle of precipitation in 1954 with the basic tabulation of 1924 to 1941.

1952 was 1.46 times the average daily precipitation on all others. The months March, April, July, September, October, November, and December of 1954 were all favorable to the prediction, and January and August but little in the red. Details are given in table 1.

Summary for the year 1954: Total inches, 31.28; percent normal, 77.2; average daily precipitation: preferred days, 0.0975; other days, 0.0746; ratio: 1.31.

TaBLe 1.—Details of precipitation, Washington, D.C., 1954

Mion thisieaaer ecole eyarsieloisteins Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June otal, inches svi. sa sieesewins 3.01 0.82 3.84 3.06 3.19 2.29 Average daily, preferred .. 0.089 0.014 0.175 0.127 0.046 0.001 Average daily, others..... 0.103 0.044 0.062 0.076 0.144 0.151 Ratio oom retouie ere oer el soaks 0.87 0.33 2.82 1.67 0.23 0.01 IMionthist asta retention July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. PRotaliinches!ij.cnhcieemert 1.66 3.73 0.83 4.24 1.88 2.73 Average daily, preferred .. 0.071 0.114 0.041 0.246 0.081 0.131 Average daily, others.... 0.037 0.125 0.016 0.020 0.042 0.052

119 (eR Nailer an ier cre ee 1.92 0.91 2.65 12.30 1.93 2.52

NO. 2 WASHINGTON PRECIPITATION OF 1954 AND 1955—ABBOT 3

I give in table 2 the 175 dates when higher average precipitation may be expected in 1955 than the average precipitation of all other dates of 1955. The first column, in Roman figures, gives the “pre- ferred” days of the 27.0074-day cycle. The remaining columns give the actual dates in the 12 months of 1955 when these “preferred” cycle dates recur, and when higher than average daily precipitation in Washington may be expected, taking the year as a whole.

The basic tabulation, on which the table rests, began with January 1, 1924, and ended with December 1941. There has been no apparent divergence from this cycle in recent years, except in 1952 and 1953, and it appears to be satisfactory as a basis for 1954, and is used here for 1955. So the decimal 0.0074 seems correct for over 30 years. This cycle corresponds closely with the average period of rotation of the sun, and was suggested by a corresponding period in the Smith- sonian measures of the solar constant of radiation. The cycle is more strongly marked in these measures in some years than in others.

TABLE 2.—Washington precipitation, 1955

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. enzo 16 15 II 8 4 1,28 24 20 17 13 10 aaa 17 16 12 9 5 PIGK0) (AS 21 18 14 II Speeeer: 18 17 13 10 6 230020 22 19 15 12 eo 19 18 14 II 7 BA (27 23 20 16 13 momen 20 19 15 12 8 5 1,28 24 21 17 14

ArsTe 27, 26 22 19 15 12 8 4 1,28 24 21

5 1,28 27 23 20 16 13 9 5 2,29 25 22

7 3 220 25 22 18 15 II 7 ALaten2y 24 ee uO 5 4:31" 27 24 20 17 13 9 6 2,29 26 Se TO 6 5 1,28 25 21 18 14 10 7) 3'30) 927,

nels 10 9 5 2,29 25 22 18 14 II 7 4,31 Saipglites 14 13 9 6 2,29 26 22 18 15 II 8 = LO 15 14 10 7 3,30 27 23 19 16 12 9

in

a. layla! u 1 Fave Bae

iy soph

iy

Pe, i

acu R

A)

oe een oe

4 F | \ ii

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 128, NUMBER 3

Roebling Fund

SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS

By Cc. G. ABBOT

Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution

(PusuicaTion 4211)

CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 28; 1955

The Lord Gaftimore Press

BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8& A.

Roebling Fund

SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS

By C. G. ABBOT Research Associate, Snuthsonian Institution

I wish to show that by employing a family of periods (which were discovered to exist in variations of the solar constant of radiation +) general weather forecasts of temperature and precipitation have been made with success many years from their base. I do not claim that the method is equally successful for all stations, or that it is successful at any station at all times, or that it deals with detailed forecasts, or with short times like a week or a month. But I hope to show by use of records of St. Louis precipitation over a course of 100 years, sup- ported by shorter excerpts from records of temperature and precipi- tation at several stations, that, from a seasonal point of view, forecasts for as much as 60 years from base, and over long intervals of time, such as 5 to 25 years, are successful and give high correlations with events.

I shall present the matter in two parts. In the first, by means of charts and correlation coefficients, I shall illustrate and support the claims just stated. In the second, I shall disclose in considerable de- tail the method now used to obtain the results.

1. EVIDENCES SUPPORTING MY CLAIMS

Before presenting results I must state several propositions :

1. Twenty-three members of a family of regular periods are used. All of these periods, to within 1 percent, are exact submultiples of 223 years.

2. This family was discovered in fluctuations of the solar constant of radiation.?

1 This term has long been used to denote the intensity of the solar radiation outside our atmosphere at mean solar distance. Daily Smithsonian determina- tions of it for more than 30 years have shown that it is not quite constant but varies over a range exceeding I percent.

2 From other types of phenomena, including, among others, basal human pulse rates, many additional members of the family are known. In all, more than 40 members have been discovered. All are within 1 percent submultiples of 3654 X 223 days.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 128, NO. 3

2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

3. To those who hold that the observed fluctuations in the earth’s supply of radiation from the sun, which I claim to be periodic, are too small in percentage to affect weather appreciably, 1 remark that it makes no difference how the family of periods was discovered, or whether the effects that I ascribe to solar variation are really of solar causation. These 23 periods exist in temperature and precipitation, however they may be produced. But in Part 2 I shall advance sug- gestions tending to explain the large weather effects from small solar changes.

4. The forms and amplitudes of these periods in precipitation and temperature are determined by tabulations of monthly records, pub- lished in “World Weather Records.” Over 1,000 months of records, ending with December 1939, are used in all tabulations. They fix mean forms and amplitudes of all the periods, applicable at all times.

5. Every precipitation or temperature value forecasted is obtained by a synthesis of about 23 terms. Each term depends on more than 1,000 monthly records. In the study of St. Louis temperature and precipitation, 1,032 months, of the years 1854 to 1939, were employed to establish the basis, which, accordingly, centers on the year 1897.

6. A determination by such a synthesis of the march of precipita- tion at St. Louis for any selected year is of the nature of a prediction, backward or forward, from 1897. Even if the selected year falls be- tween 1854 and 1939, its own observed monthly mean precipitation or temperature, though used in computing the basis of the forecast, can

12 1,032

7. Knowing that any curve, even the profile of a girl’s face, can be fairly represented by a Fourier’s series of sufficient number of terms, some critics, at first sight, may think it nothing remarkable that, with 23 terms, the march of precipitation or temperature can be well repre- sented. But the proposition (6) has nothing in common with such a Fourier series. The girl’s profile would be built by a Fourier’s series solely on measurements taken within that profile. No satisfactory representation of it could be made by a Fourier’s series made from measures on over 1,000 other girls. In my case 1,032 monthly records govern the synthesis for each and all years, and over 1,000 of them lie outside any selected year to be forecasted.

8. Of 100 years of St. Louis precipitation forecasted, 70 seem fairly satisfactory and yield high correlation coefficients with the events. The failure of the other 30 is reasonably explained.

g. As shown by Dr. W. J. Humphreys in his “Physics of the Air,” figure 227, great volcanic eruptions, which throw high columns of

have but

= 1% percent influence on the forecast.

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 3

vapor and dust, profoundly modify weather. He cites the first four cases in the following list, and I add several more.

Approximate

dates Eruptions ESO! avoids wedoie taser sjorne/eie sce Cotopaxi and others. BSCS POO 4s Gaihy~ © «0 Sisla s:5.e ei Krakatoa and others. AOTAIQOAL 2 caic-alaye sisaln sieino'e Pele, Santa Maria, Colima, and others. Oa eat acta etets Salatctets ia'coins Katmai. TO2ZA ANAWIOSSu a eleeies oleh eres Many great eruptions. TSO eayayo siete cchssoscheiotoietele elev. cfole Great eruptions. NT hares ss ceaph le asehe Sanayi os! ain Niuafoo Island.

10. Of 30 unsatisfactory years, in 100 years of synthesis of St. Louis precipitation, these lie in groups as follows: 1854 first half; 1856 to 1860; 1887 to 1889; 1900; 1901; 1905 to 1907; 1912 last half, 1913 first half; 1915 to 1917; 1920; 1923 to 1926; 1930; 1940 to 1950. It will be seen that almost all these unsatisfactory intervals fall either when tremendous volcanic eruptions occurred or when there was tre- mendous use of explosives in war or explosions of atomic bombs. As will be pointed out in Part 2, atmospheric changes alter the lags in the weather effects of all solar impulses, and of course unequal periods have unequal lags. These unusual atmospheric disturbances may very well have mixed up the terrestrial responses to the 23 periods so as to cause the events to differ from the predictions.

With these propositions stated, I go on to present evidences justify- ing my claims.

Figure 1 is a reproduction of an actual synthesis, made to deter- mine the march of precipitation at St. Louis, Mo., over the five years 1875 to 1879 inclusive. Its 22 columns of precipitation departures are in percentages of normal, expressed in tenths of a percent, and are mean values of the periodic percentage departures derived from 1,032 months and meticulously arranged with regard to phases. The 22 periods used in St. Louis precipitation are shown in table 1.

Taste 1.—Periods used in St. Louis syntheses, in months

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dravavelers 4-1/3 5-1/8 6-1/15 7 8-1/8 9-1/6 9-3/4 10-1/10 10-6/10 11-1/5

pfeleraare 12 13 14 15 - 16 17 18 19 20 21 Rats vs 13-6/10 15-1/6 22-4/5 24-4/5 30-1/3 34-1/5 38-8/10 45-1/2 27-1/4% 68-1/2

In some other syntheses a period of 195 months was found to be overriding the period of 38%o0 months. In some, the period of 544 months was strong, and its half, 274 months, unimportant.

8It was found that 544 months gave no appreciable departures when relieved

of the overriding period of 543 — 274 months.

11 13-1/10

22 91

100 {20 iJ hee °23 -20-3 Hie tol Nice te -31 605-4) -52 -95 -98 -45 478 +48 -1) -F0 442470 -205 76

Apr +4 -

4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

The reader will note from figure 1 that the ranges of the periodic terms in St. Louis precipitation vary from 5 to 25 percent of normal precipitation, and the precipitation itself varies through a range of

- -. - 10 +40 +60 5 1% ee ry , 1490 160 a

418 -33 -39-36 -3% -77 -52 +1R2813 -B6 -/0|-17-8 - 61-103 -38 469496 -12 -44 +45 265-324 73

-30 23 -26-19 -26 -58 -/01 421 ee gmrTo+6 -76 -56 -30 +80 4150-17 -30 +45+65-74 B6

CaF hy 207 193 oh Maras cal 93 pF Sea) auras 3 yeates tat is ($ -20 429-9 $44 - 6-17 +45 +31 +29 $99 47 “QOS 41 F-2S 45 +4.

He 126 32 43243 +6) 4/5 -Hl - 15 426 425)-485 +19 -39 421 445497 00-28 430 +55 + 9 449%. 144

Jut 413 414 -26 -18 4/8 4/08 +9/ ~18 -/4 +30 424 - Il +6 -22 478 90+ Nt m093 -21 $49 4574574 642-146

Oct

=30 426 443 -38 +87 4 7 4111-29-47 <1! FEI-29 435 t4 488 47727479 36 +52 458454 4649 [I a "33 +49 -36 J ~30 492-17 -29-9) 424+ & +28 4/2 4) rah soo ge +97 4604524405 [41 41S —4 446 -16 $3 -53-37-16 42-86 - 2-53 4/9 EF57 430450 4S4-3L 452 462 +48 4263 (20 $30 - 2h +43 $526 AMY £19457 H/F - SY -UOi-FLESN $3349 FTO H4H4-3) 4 YS 463 H44+452-150

6% 44 =4 +49 427489 +60 491 440 451 +7 -S-62442 449 +/E 292 +P. 4-30 239 +644424674 163 Jon FIZ —% -/3 +32-14 $108 till IF 469 431 -SO)-Y 1 F105 +64 433 +80, flor 24 +50 463 43974683 173

Apr 39-33 -26-36-16 33 -|) -)8 -48 465 4 Jul 412 339 32429-3534 0-52-16 ~H7 - Oct <8 -% 449 -38 —7 -304)) 42) 413 -SOe

N77 ~30 414 eG 19 416 ~RETsw ag CT 431-4 an +4 416 ~/5 +452 -1¢ e338

(g78

Apr

Jul

Oct +13 -4 449 452718 -53 49) -1% -33 +7 42

(87? Jan

Apr Jur

Oct -F0 - 4449 -36 -J 26 332 ~IF “TR

Jan -30 33 -13 ~36 -/4 $57 -S52 -18 47 +26 ~4bl-2P POS FR 419 41S +69 -13437 452 -

BIL #14 -20 - 18-34 47 432-14 445 426 COV 17 FBS TIL oSeMGF LEY +17 -28 onl 4624564307 140 HB 426 -32% -38-26 -30-17 - 41 -I19 430710 £ hott es 1 46466 49-25 413 14664324)25'130 PISO <Wef tsb F214 430-31 —) -2) HO 460430 -7F NT T- $y 440 +71 -g0 -156 -19 +10 +459 42% 4 32 (28 op ara -)3 -§3 ~-22-15 +410 +3¢ 425-154 [21 “Sy. $48 -FO +22055°-2 I-68 -30-(D ¢/0 4+874+2Z2-176 [54 $13 - -26432 264106 -6 +57 -20 -3! +14] -52 -3 4/4 ~2nw9b -41-6 41T 4524204726 JS2 -30 -2 +43-16 -18 +7 $15 +40 +2 -36 34) L29 d =E7 -38 -Ul -S0-2 420 #46419 -174 13 WHY LS -24 -SU-36 -S7T -53 +2 422 43¢4/5 - 89:96 W-24-53 +49 ~29-99-38 -92 -62 47 4/0 439 t/9-120 82 re G-92-41 45-93 -40 -9g -65 4th -\d 42048 —-422 4Y “IT dl 44S 426 -SOj- 62-86 -6 5-76 -YO-94 -69 4/7 -JO +12 +7 ~ 568 50 $12. 733-20 417-28" ONS) -16 -IF 430 -SO]-H1-142-76 -43 494 424 -13 42) -UIS +7 44 ~ 639 SZ 4/2 -33 ie ig ce eee Pac 48 165 - bole 17 -90 -§0-103 - 60 470 -77423 -I22+2 O- 617 67 #(3 735 -26 -16 -18 tSHeds -)5 + DFR PeeLOlt+ 7 - 52 -37 -54-S1- 12 -78 t56 -8O ~6 -3 - 45198 -90 -4 ~13 -36 -9 4/06 -32 "ade SE + TBO “GS -22- 4 $2. -SU - TS AUS - M4 -IT “S215 108, 4H -2 -20-36 +3 $7 415 457 451 ~S Me yhaes 46 44 49 -50 -42-71 446 30 -27 -6 +48 105 tH 414 $32-53 416 -30 79) 440469 -({ $29/1+GPMRE SID 421 -50 -J30-67 47 -—S 2BI)-1G +152 Il HIV4ELS -264$2 496-59 9) 42[ 445-3) 425¢50 +23 kG $ID -—H 443429 -7 -77 432418 -IS-86 +2GK63 KIT ESI +58 -36 + 6 -SD4I7 $30 -4S-IF +j07 1H “fae Ma ete 2,10 4-38 Gf eaipoe won -G +14¢ . 1 Ge +14 ae 426 4H -36 984 F44 -§2.-4/ -14 3, ~ 2I- 1 +1053

4H +14 -|3 -18 +84 ~77 $2-29 °33 4128 t s Z $4 t26 -20 452 -/y4 -58-104 -/5 = 14 om, 291463

4/9 -2 43-36 +3 ~ 53 tis

+ -33-20 -)8 —34~-77 -6 -29 -20 430 -50 TID 9-4 -32 452,-26-58 tI5 +15 +2 TOS -56 ai 22°26 429-19 6 -Il 216 4/3 +28 -60) +6549 2YSt17 +30 -6B -32 4 (29 137 tid Fh4-13 4327939 td44-SL4+S7 +51 = - Io} B0+99 +GG4i!l FU ~6S~35 +445 146 $30 4267210 -/B +84 +6) -101 +40 +69 ~11 419 SPOOF | #19049 419-S8 -37 2 434 139 tH +1y -3X% -38-10+108% -S2 42; 445 -3) +42 r4 426-26 -36-34Y +7 -G6 -1Y -15 ~ 86439, $ID 933 443 -18/-26 -30 +15 -Yl UG ~F4%

430480 O43) 245 ~56 ~~ 1 132 47 4SY 420421 439 *57 -304/00 147

PRAS6 29 +55 490477 HIF -3 +10 -TI -4¥S =34 10 RO -|42 -2941/9 463480 4/05 -F +/0 -71 -¥7 ~f36 Io FR~9O ~415-27 496 4HY FIZ -IZ 410 -70 -SO+104 1 ptCS 52 -61-SY 430 425 976 -12 4/5 —6E-S1 +86 9% 21tSO ~ 8-76-99 +742) +66-/7 +20 -S6-S2—NyY gg 4S +6 ~ 80-93 -739 +4 4549-21 +12 -59 -53-154 79 -1) 435 -FS-76 - 20-66 4U4-25 410 -S6 Sy -16Y 757 =29 418 -39 “93-30-84 434-16 -/4 -$a-S5 -4R3 52. £8 £194 ~22-l03 -35-FO 425-31 -TO -YO-S6 -Gos 53 “5346 44 -564935 -83 417 -32-[IS -40-57-500 SE -92 495 12-1) ~ 40°76 FF -32-132 -9S-58-4TS GI -62426 42849 -46-56 -] -32 -80 -30-57 -“es ST B-4) 4/9 433421 -4 -91 -10 -3t -¥¥ ~239-5F-335 q~ 54 449 478 -50 -87 922-309 -30 ~-17 ~SS+l0% rue 46% ge 9-51-93 ch -24 Be wre FY -2 943-18 43 81-17 -1 47 426% LOVMOSTI t72-S2 -98 ctl ~28 SSeS ua 214449 HSAHG 47 4IF 459-33 490 HHL FEIVES Poy 454-50 -44 - 350 -25 490 +2 -50 49% i

$30 -2243 429 ~H > YY 495) -29--14 431 + ~-F 64 4H7 £32 +3 444 49L-IF -N7 ¥ " IU -2-§3 -|8 +16 461-17 -16 -20 +Bo0 +13 414-24 -38 -/Y A108 -1) 457 + B65 - 46 = 30 426792 -36-3Y he a FTO

Oo 4/3 #29 -50 424451 O-56 £15469 ll -60 14 ¢45 -3/ -Jlo

44 -F3-26 -(6 -26434 -/3 +4 +14 -(3 +52-/8 - $12426°20 429 -F7 17-26 $13 33-32 75243 -53 +6 —30°4 -26 -{8 416 8 r9PelP 413 - 2 $43 -39 Tey HOY 4 -Z

Fic. 1.—Facsimile of computation of St. Louis precipitation, 1875-1879, compared with the observed precipitation as percentage of normal. Data from monthly mean precipitation smoothed by 5-month running means. Dotted curve from summation of 22 regular periodicities, determined as averages over the 84-year epoch, 1854-1939. Full curve, the event.

over 130 percent of normal. Yet all the work, as stated above, rests

on smoothed 5-month running means, which, of course, greatly di-

minishes the range from that of observed monthly mean values. The correlation coefficient over these 5 years, between synthesis

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 5

and event, is 80+5.2 percent. The average epoch of the synthesis, 18774, is 194 years earlier than the average basis on which the periods rest, 1897.

Figures 2 and 3, representing the percentage departures in precipi- tation at Peoria,‘ Ill. (about 100 miles from St. Louis), and St. Louis for the 6 years 1934 to 1939, are included with figure 4, representing departures in temperature at St. Louis for the same years, in order that these several results may easily be compared. The syntheses were made with the same periods given in table 1, except as stated in the paragraph which next follows table 1. The reader will see, as in figure 1, that even in small details the syntheses often follow similar details of variation in the events. He will also note the very close similarity between the precipitation at St. Louis and that at Peoria, during these 6 years, as well as how closely the syntheses, based on the mean year of records, 1897, 40 years earlier, follow the actual events.

It is a severe test to compute correlation coefficients, for often one or two months’ displacements of features, between synthesis and event, make great differences in ordinates of the curves and strongly reduce correlation coefficients. However, all three of these syntheses, 40 years from their mean bases, give correlation coefficients between 50 and 70 percent, with probable errors from % to Ms of the coefficients. It is to be noted as surprising that the synthetic temperature curve of St. Louis averages 2° F. above the event in these 6 years. One would have expected it below rather than above. But possibly if longer periods, 136 and 273 months, had been used, the displacement would have disappeared. This displacement of scale was taken account of in computing the correlation coefficient for St. Louis temperature. No such adjustment was required in figures 1, 2, and 3, or in figure 5 to follow. The reader will note that the ranges, in all these figures of synthesis and event, are substantially the same.

Figure 5 gives the synthesis and event for St. Louis precipitation from 1860, which, as mentioned above, was the last of several unsatis- factory years, to 1887, the first of several unsatisfactory years. As stated above, these unsatisfactory intervals may be reasonably at- tributed to the violent eruptions of the volcanoes Cotopaxi in 1856 and Krakatoa in 1883. The good interval, 1861 to 1886, according to Humphreys, was unusually free from violent volcanic eruptions.’ I

4The Peoria synthesis is made from a new reduction, with latest improve- ments over that given in Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 117, No. 16, 1952.

5 It takes several years, apparently, for a great volcanic eruption many thou- sands of miles away to produce its effects on phases of periodicities in St. Louis precipitation.

‘SULOL SUIUUNI PoyJOOWS YWWOU-G WO} [[y “s}UsAa ‘SoAIND []NF ‘ginyer1aduia} {[euIOU JO sasevyuods0d ‘uoHeydDs1g ‘s}uaAa oy} 0} pasteduiod 6FO1-PLO1 suoryey Odg) uoTEWdIDe1Ig ‘sURApPe UT SIvak OF SUOTDIpaid Ivak-9 vdI4[—P pue “€ ‘zc “SOI

{paynduros ‘saaimd po}oq ‘fewsou wo soinjredop -nduiod (sino 3S) a1n}etoduis} pue (smnoT 3G pue elt

09 =

Oh

Oe

Q

IWWUON JO% SzuNiuws7G

e | ei f Cla b UNAS TORN eT TTA

PL DMPA SUE TP PURUET NaT dde UNG TA PY TON rich NAT TU SRe@kee | Pees eer Peg el ee eae

wiaanay |sinoq-a5 norspuraraaug| sno7 ag vausonig

"UMHS

g

‘sueou SUTUUNI poy}oows yyUOW-S WoI, ITV JUIAD 9Y} ‘9AIND ][NF { pajndurod ‘sams po}yjoq “WIAs Vy} 0} psredwsod uorjeydIOaId stnoT “3S FO ‘ZggI-oggI ‘suoryeyndulod Jo sisayyUAG—'S “oI

fe ee ee | See ea |

8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

give in table 2 the mean values of the average deviation in figure 5 for seven 4-year intervals, and the general averages of these seven quantities, which may be compared to the range of precipitation, 130 percent of normal.

The range of precipitation, 1860 to 1887, in 5-month running means, was a little over 130 percent of normal precipitation.

I cannot but believe that if similar results to figure 5 were computed for perhaps 50 selected stations over the United States, areas of equal departures from normal precipitation could be mapped years in ad- vance, which, unless vitiated by world wars or violent volcanic erup- tions, would be of much practical use.

I complete Part 1 with a very ambitious prediction of precipitation at St. Louis and Peoria shown in figure 6. Counting from 1897, the middle of their common interval of preparation, the predictions, which

TABLE 2.—Average deviations, in percentages of normal precipitation, between prediction and event for 28 years’ synthesis of St. Louis precipitation. Means of individual monthly differences

Time interval ..... 1860-63 1864-67 1868-71 1872-75 1876-79 1880-83 1884-87 General Average deviation .. 17 +14 +22 +13 +17 17 +17 +17

Scale displacement. Event minus pre- CICtON Te cieicic wicicicie +5 + 6 — 8 — 1 +8 —2 + 6 +2

end with 1957, extend 60 years from their mean base, and 18 years beyond December 1939, the last month used in the preparation of that base.

Since I have not employed the long periods of 113, 223, and 453 years in these syntheses, I feel warranted in adjusting the levels of the two predictions to suit the prevailing conditions of precipitation, 1952 to 1954. This involved lowering the St. Louis curve of synthesis, 1952 to 1957, bodily, by 20 percent of the normal precipitation. I made no change for Peoria.

Although the features are similar, it will be noted that observed precipitation precedes synthesis at St. Louis in 1952 by four months and follows synthesis at Peoria by four months in 1952 and 1953. Yet almost throughout the 6 years of prediction, St. Louis and Peoria syntheses are nearly in step, although resting on two independent series of observations 80 years long, which ended in 1939. These dis- placements, between prediction and event, similar to those remarked in earlier papers, are puzzling. Perhaps the solar mechanism that operates has slips, making events early or late, as has long been noted in the 11$-year sunspot period.

NO: 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 9

We must wait three years to compare these predictions fully with the events. As a caution therein, it will be recalled that I deal entirely with 5-month running means.

One notes with pleasure that there is promise of approaching relief from the prevailing distressing drought in 1957. Its approach and advance from 1952 are well shown by St. Louis prediction.

Nees ecale lucas sine ude aac EEE OP <A ey et TN PM sO AL ION |S Ty A

o ae ' ‘ ‘ ‘ x

Fic. 6.—Predicted precipitation, Peoria (upper) and St. Louis (lower), 1952- 1957, from mean forms of 22 periodicities over the epoch 1854-1939. End of prediction 18 years after 1939 and 60 years after middle of base, 1897. Dotted curves, prediction; full curves, event. Horizontal lines represent normal pre- cipitation. Drought indicated ending 1957.

2. DETAILED METHOD OF FORECASTING

The method rests on the discovery of a family of regular periodici- ties in weather and other phenomena, all, to within I percent, exact submultiples of 223 years. To express the matter more precisely, the master period is 223 x 3654 days. Not until recently was I aware that the period I found several years ago in New York and Washington temperatures, 6.6485 days,® is itself a member of this family. For 223 x 3654 days is 8309.44 days; which divided by 1250=6.64754 days, a value less than 1 percent different from the other. My friend Dr. F. P. Marshall found a period of 212 days, and 15 exact submul- tiples of it, in a record of 3 years of daily basal pulse rates. Seven months, a period used in all of my syntheses, is A2 x 3654 days=213.3

6 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 111, No. 17, 1950.

IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

days. This differs by only 3 percent from Dr. Marshall’s longest pulse period. Hence all the pulse periods found are aliquot parts of 223 years.

The original observation that led me to discover the family of periods in weather was the discovery of more than 20 of them in measures of the solar constant of radiation. Meteorologists and others have expressed doubt that the evidence warranted this result. But if it did, they say, the solar variations claimed, generally of the order of Yo percent of the solar constant, are too small appreciably to affect weather.

With much recent experience in the study of this family of periodici- ties, I have revised and hope to publish soon my study of more than 30 years of daily measures of the solar constant of radiation. This revision has yielded highly satisfactory results, and I believe the evi- dence of the existence, in these measures, of the family referred to has become more convincing.

But as regards the adequacy of these solar variations to affect weather, I made a suggestion in my paper “Solar Variation, a Lead- ing Weather Element.”* It is this: Temperature depends on wind direction. Wind direction depends on orientation with respect to atmospheric cyclones. H. H. Clayton showed some 25 years ago, by extensive tabulations of atmospheric pressure, that the position of cyclones varies with the intensity of solar radiation.

I have been interested in checking the first step in this sequence. My assistant, Mrs. I. W. Windom, collected records of the prevailing winds and temperature departures from the normal at Washington, D. C., for about 1,600 successive days. Of these the prevailing wind could not be determined on about 100 days. The relation of prevailing wind to temperature departures for the remaining 1,500 days is given by figure 7. The result is quite definite. The temperature is about 12°5 F. higher when the wind is south, or southwest, than when it is northwest. That the values in figure 6 are not symmetrical about zero is merely resulting from the characteristics of the years chosen.

Still it makes no difference for the acceptance of the results of my present paper whether meteorologists concede solar variation to be the cause. The family of periodicities, to a number of nearly 30, has been demonstrated in weather, and at least 24 of them have been used in the several syntheses I have shown in illustrations.

The periods are not apparent in weather at first sight for several reasons. First, the normal values published with weather records are

7 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 122, No. 4, August 1953.

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 300%

computed from all the records without regard to the sunspot fre- quency prevailing. At Peoria the rainfall is about 7 percent higher at sunspot maximum than at sunspot minimum. If a long term of years of monthly records is being used to compute such a period as 7 months, mentioned above, the tabulation at Peoria would be thrown into confusion, if published normals, taking no account of this, were used. My first step therefore is to compute new normals. I have chosen to use 20 Wolf sunspot numbers as the dividing line between high and low sunspot prevalence. Table 3 gives the normals for Peoria, Albany, Washington, and St. Louis according to my revisions.

Wind Din ecTION _—__—_— NW.

ace ama

Fic. 7—How Washington, D. C., temperature depends on wind direction. Tem- peratures Fahrenheit, from about 1,500 consecutive days.

WaAsHINGTON Tempe FaHR.

Second, phases depend on the season of the year.®

Terrestrial effects from solar causes lag behind the actuating causes. Thus the hottest part of summer falls many weeks after the June solstice, and the warmest part of the day occurs several hours after noon, at most stations. Lags for my periods depend, in the first in- stance, on the season of the year. It is not possible to fully compen- sate for this. As a compromise measure, I divide the year into three parts—January to April; May to August ; September to December.

Third, phases depend on sunspot frequency.

81 published this observation in the year 1944 (see Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 104, No. 5, p. 27).

I2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

Sunspots are like machine guns, bombarding the earth with multi- tudes of ions. These ions act as centers of condensation for dust and water vapor, thus altering the state of the atmosphere, the lags, and the phases of periods in weather. As a compromise measure, I use a dividing line at 20 Wolf numbers in my tabulations.

TABLE 3.—Weather normals, taking account of sunspot frequency (precipitation given in inches)

Sunspot Station and frequency element Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June High : Yes ph 1.84 1.87 2.80 3.62 3.90 4.04 Dow ...Peoria precipitation® .... 1.58 1.71 Bok 2.79 3.88 3.24 } High Alb Haid. { 2.56 2.52 2.04 12345 3.03 3.51 owas any precipitation ..... 2.32 2.00 2.06 2.91 3.13 3.81 High Se Lied: sii { 2.54... 2.49, 3-20)... 3:72. 4.32 " An08 Low f °°: >t: Louis precipitation...) 5 4, 2.46 3.00 3.79 4.36 3.08 High Washington temperature ee 35°6 A5-% 53°3 63°9 he ow uf ** 2 4 °U33°7 4) "34.0" bazne @ 53-@) ators oye High Seats pi 30°9 35°1 44°6 55°6 66°0 74°4 Low f'::>t: Louis temperature.... 32.7 38.8 43.3 56.0 Cais 75.6 Sunspot Station and frequency element July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. High Peori Pee 3.70 3.00 3.50 2.22 2.36 I.Q1 ae ieee eoria precipitation ...... 3.40 266 3.85 2.56 AS 1.88 High Alb Satan { 4.02 3.64 3.18 2.60 2.76 2.00 Townes any precipitation ..... 3.43 3.80 3.38 3.19 2.75 2.32 High 4 atone 3.13 3.15 Sios Baby] 2.87 2.36 Toe ... St. Louis precipitation... 3.46 3.52 3.32 2.71 Bie 2.54 High : FOIS 742g"! 16823) SG84r RSS | asee Wow uae . Washington temperature. nee 74.1 68.1 56.9 46.0 36.4 High ; 90st 7765 470.5 eT oh AACS | eae Wau ...5t. Louis temperature.... 80.4 7A 69.8 58.3 45.5 aE 7

Fourth, phases depend on human occupancy, and other secularly changing conditions. As a compromise measure, in these tabulations I use 1900, approximately, as a dividing line.

These compromise measures lead me to make 12 tables each for all

the periods, 13 in number, which lie below 20 months. As the num-

9 These values are those published in the paper cited in note 4 above. But they are so different from those of other stations, that I feared they were partly erroneous. A revision, however, confirms these.

Year Total

34.88 32.59

35.09 36.18

38.03 38.83

Year Mean

45.90 55-01

55.89 56.64

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 13

ber of repetitions has to be large to eliminate accidental influences, and more especially to eliminate the influence of over 20 other periods on the one being tabulated, I omit considering the time of the year in periods from 20 to 50 months. Normally there are six tables of that class. For the three still longer periods I omit considering the sunspot frequency. Thus the tabulations involve 12x13+6x4+3xX2=186 tables for the synthesis of monthly precipitation.

The next complication comes from the need to have many repeti- tions, in order to eliminate interference effects of over 20 periods upon the one being evaluated. If the 12 tables for periods of less than 20 months each stood alone, the repetitions would be too few. As a com- promise measure, I make the assumption that the tabulations at differ- ent times of the year, and at different epochs before and after 1900, would be nearly the same for a given period, except in phase. With this assumption, I can combine six tables into one, merely altering the phases of the separate tabulations into the most harmonious relation. I then use the mean values representing these sixfold combinations as the representatives for all occurrences of the periods being studied. But I carefully restore the mean assemblies to the phases which each of their six constituents had, as I tabulate the periods in my synthesis.

To make all this clearer, I now give, in tables 4 and 5, and figure 8, an actual tabulation for the 114-month period in St. Louis precipita- tion. I use certain symbols which I will first explain. For the three selected times of the year, and for before and after 1900, I use a, 0}; ¢1, Q2 bz C2, when sunspots > 20 Wolf numbers, and a,' 5,1 ¢y", a2" be" c2* when sunspots < 20 Wolf numbers. If, in tabulating, I move values to bring all six determinations to harmonious phases, I use the symbols ok, ).4, to indicate if the phases are left alone, or moved later or earlier. I add the numbers 1, 2, 3, etc., as subscripts, to indicate the number of lines of displacement. With these explanations given, table 4 shows a determination of “a,.” Table 5 shows the assembly of the six mean columns “a, a 0, be ¢i C2,’ which cover all times between 1854 and 1949 when Wolf sunspot numbers exceeded 20. Table 6 compares these “departures” of table 5 with similar ones derived for Wolf numbers < 20. Table 7 shows the displacements of phases made to harmonize in table 5, and those made to harmonize phases in the corresponding table (not shown) dealing with all times from 1854 to 1939, when Wolf numbers < 20. These displacements must all be restored when using the “Departure” columns for syntheses of precip- itation. This step will appear, so far as it concerns a time when Wolf numbers exceeded 20, if one examines figure I, an actual synthesis of St. Louis precipitation, covering the years 1875 to 1879.

14

Mar. 1868

115 107 115 120 115 112 119 132 103

QI 101

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 128

TABLE 4.—Determination of “a,” (see text), I1-1/5-month period,

St. Louis precipitation

Feb. Jan. Apr...) aMar. ilar, Feb. Jan, Apr.

69 "70 "80 Sr "82 83 "84 "94 Mean

a,

101.9

III 129 73 84 128 100 IOI 76 98.0

103 7 04 129 08 97 «62 94.3

118 79 ~=—89 7A TOS.) 115 95 56 91.9

114 690 90 64 IOI 08 III 60 88.4

123 57'' | “89 67 92 = 105 93°" 55 89.1

104 79 95 93 89 87 83 60 98.3

112 73 77 125 89 I19 07 74 102.2

127 88 gl 123 80 120 102 oF 100.0

137 04 86 103 73 107 06 61 102.2

120 07 83 169 108 92 123 61 105.6

137 78 81 145 104 128 141 51 108.2

(119) TABLE 5.—Assembly of “ay, dg, by, Do, Cy) Cy-” Decimals neglected Sum Departure d20k bibs ba4a civ3 covs Sum 6 percent 1014 1079 986 1204 1066 6368 1061 + 5.8 QO1 1058 966 1007 1085 6177 1030 + 2.7 988 1132 939 1067 995 6064 IOII +08 024 1026 903 1016 1090 5878 980 — 2.3 905 971 830 1021 1088 5399 933 —7.0 818 1080 816 1043 004 5642 940 — 6.3 867 1004 828 908 980 5660 9043 — 6.0 922 926 880 1079 1019 5848 978 — 3.1 1007 1041 804 1078 1072 6022 1004 + 0.1 1042 IIII 964 1193 1021 6387 1004 +61 1132 1059 998 1178 1049 6448 1083 + 8.0 Sum __ 11027 Sum - II = 1003 Range 14%

TABLE 6.—Departures, table 5, and departures when Wolf No. < 20

I 2

3

aes +5.8 +27 +08 5 paths +3.0 +65 +28

4 —2.3 0.0

5

6

rf

—7.0 —6.3 —6.0 —I.I —31 —86

8 9 —3.1 +0.1 5:0 0.7

10 II +61 +8.0 +3.1 +2.6

TABLE 7.—Comparing subscripts of position “a, a, b, b, c, Cy” with those of “a,1 a,1 b,1 b,+ c,} c,!”

CC

a,0k a,0k bys boy C1¥3 Cog a,t0k a1, b,4)4 bgtok c,1), ¢,tok

Range 15% 15%

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 15

The tendency to make mistakes, in tabulating and adding for syn- theses, will be very apparent if one reflects that, when a change comes between Wolf numbers = 20, the computer must change from tables like table 5 to their counterparts for Wolf numbers<20; that at all times he must remember to reverse the displacements indicated by the arrow subscripts of displacements in those tables; that for periods not of whole numbers of months he must insert or reject a month from time to time ; that he must always start a column in the correct phase; that when adding the 22 or more columns, as in figure 1, he must not only be sure to correctly read the values, but also their algebraic signs. With all the care I can muster, I have always found many mistakes, of one or another of these sorts, when rechecking the whole process.

I give in figure 8 the “departure” curves like those indicated in table 5, as found for the 114-month period at St. Louis, when Wolf numbers > 20. The reader will see from table 6 relating to Wolf numbers = 20 that, though two months displaced in phase, the two series, coming from entirely different data, are identical in range and nearly identical in form. These pleasing similarities between such pairs of series for Wolf numbers = 20, representing all the 19 or more periods which can be thus compared, are almost invariably found.

This in itself is evidence that the existence in weather of the large family of periodicities, aliquot parts of 223 years, has a sound basis. For in all tabulations of many values, leading to a periodic result, the careful computer always divides the data into two or more sections, to see if the several groups of data yield the same periodic result. As just stated this criterion is well met in this research.

But there is another evidence of great weight. The ranges of the periodic curves in weather are not small. In precipitation at St. Louis, Peoria, and Albany, the ranges of the periods run from 5 to 25 per- cent. This is a very great matter, if the critic is inclined to think of accidental error, and to scout my whole investigation as trifling or spurious.

In the third place, as seen over the 26 good years shown in figure 5, the great features, and many of the minor features, found in the event are seen to be also in the synthesis, and in very nearly the same amplitudes and positions. That this does not hold true for 30 out of 100 years of synthesis of St. Louis precipitation has been rea- sonably explained above as probably caused by tremendous disturb- ances of the atmosphere by violent volcanic outbursts, by the prodigal bombing during the two world wars, and the Korean war, and by the tests in recent years of atomic bombs in different parts of the world.

16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

We now come to a fourth line of evidence even more convincing. It is held that the large family of periodicities are all, to within 1 percent, aliquot parts of 22 years. If so, periods of 4, 4, and 42 of 223 years, and similar groups of periods of various lengths, are also related by integral numbers to each other and to 223 years. Accord-

AssemMBLYMEAD RANGEIS%

Fic. 8.—The 11}-month periodicity in St. Louis precipitation as averaged from six independent determinations. A, Wolf numbers above 20; B, Wolf numbers below 20.

ingly, when a tabulation is made to determine the form and range of one of the longer periodicities, we may often find several shorter periods, harmonics of it, riding on the long curve. If these shorter periods are not removed, the longer ones are often unrecognizable.

This is the case. I shall give several illustrations of it. The first is from the period of 684 months, shown in figure 9. A and B are

ee INAS NEY | ACSA VIA

eH A PUTIN Ae awa at Saas

shorter periodicities, aliquot parts of 684 months.

18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

means—A of 8 repetitions of consecutive values for 684 months prior to 1900, and B of 7 repetitions of it after 1900. They show con- siderable similarity, but the phase of A is, on the whole, 3 months farther advanced than B. If we displace A backward 3 months, and take the mean of the two determinations, curve C results. Curve C gives an indication of three maxima. Taking the average of these and subtracting, we get curve D. Curve D obviously presents seven humps somewhat similar and nearly equally spaced. Averaging these features of curve D and subtracting, we get curve E. Now the halves stand out very plainly. Averaging the halves of curve E and subtracting, we get curve F. It obviously contains five similar parts. Having de- termined their average, and subtracting, we have curve G. It pos- sibly has II maxima, but is so nearly smooth that I merely drew a smooth line and used values from that in my synthesis of St. Louis precipitation. The range of this 684-month period, curve G, is 13 percent. Thus this single diagram presents for us five submultiples of 223 years, viz, 4, 4, 42, 40, and %s, none of which would be ap- parent to one who was unacquainted with the family of periods related to 223 years.

I now take the 304-month period in Peoria ?° precipitation for illus- tration. To somewhat abbreviate the presentation, I start with de- partures from mean percentages of normal precipitation. That is, using the symbols above explained and used, I start with ay, dz, a17, a2. In figure 10, A, B (left) and C, D (right) are curves corresponding to these four symbols. I shift curve A backward 5 months to com- bine with curve B. This reduction gives us curve E. Proceeding with curve E, I detect in it the half of 304 months. Removing this, we get curve F. In curve F a period of 303+3 months is seen. Remov- ing this period, we get curve G. Its range is 7 percent. Proceeding with curves C and D, they seem best adapted to be treated separately. From curve C I remove its half-period, yielding curve H, and from curve H its third-period, yielding curve I. Treating curve D in the same way, curves J and L result. I now combine results I and L, by moving I 6 months forward and taking the mean. It yields curve M. And now a period of 30$+7 months is seen. Removing it, I derive curve N. It has a range of 10 percent. Its phase is about 8 months in advance over curve G, but the two forms are similar.

As another example I take the period of 454 months, which is 4 of

10 Having had much experience since my Peoria publication (Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 117, No. 16, 1952) I have revised that synthesis. This present illustration is from the revised tabulations, and so are all Peoria data in this paper.

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 19

223 years, as represented in Peoria precipitation. I select this because, as I have said above, the periodicities run from 5 to 25 percent of normal precipitation. As we shall see, the amplitude of this period, for sunspots > 20 Wolf numbers, is 22 percent; and for sunspots < 20 Wolf numbers, it is 25 percent, at Peoria. The curves are shown in figure 11. At the left I plot results a;, a2, for Wolf numbers > 20,

<

‘. - - Be BS ae 5 ee ~~ ?

. -.

~ --*

an ae P ae

aes |

as a8 2 Ma i.

[eesaaeaee

Fic. 10.—The 30}-month periodicity in Peoria precipitation as modified by shorter periodicities, aliquot parts of 304 months. Left, Wolf numbers over 20; right, Wolf numbers below 20.

in full and dotted curves respectively. Treating a, first, curve A is what is found when the period of 453 — 223 months is removed. A

45.5 5

feeble period of months is then removed, yielding curve B.

Though not altogether smooth, no other period seems clearly included in curve B. As only five repetitions of the 454-month period were

20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128 available in the original data, I think we should expect nothing smoother, for 21 other periods interfere with their own features, as well as 454 months. Turning to curve az the periods of ARS and

45-5 3

are successively removed, as shown in the dotted curves C and

D. Here, again, nothing more can be removed. I now shift curve B to 5 months later, and take the mean of it and curve D, yielding

PCC PEt a a]

Ee: \

LA

al Ye TAL \ Wht

A Ly,

J

ttt | or

a

ry

rE;

IE

ee ss eae Heep AAS Me

ancaZ ie eae Gs Li a ES ee ee

Fic. 11.—The 453-month periodicity in Peoria precipitation as modified by shorter periodicities, aliquot parts of 453 months. Left, Wolf numbers above 20; right, Wolf numbers below 20.

the dotted curve E, to represent the 454-month periodicity in pre- cipitation at Peoria, Ill., 1856 to 1939, when Wolf sunspot num- bers > 20. The heavy full curve smooths out the interferences by other periods, and the accidental errors, and shows an amplitude of 22 percent for the 454-month periodicity.

11] felt some doubt at one time whether this procedure, of computing subordi- nate periods from mean values for long periods, would give approximately correct results. But I satisfied myself in two ways. First, since the later stages of my

NO. 3 SIXTY-YEAR WEATHER FORECASTS—ABBOT 21

Turning now to the times when Wolf numbers were < 20, the curves a,’ and a," on the right of figure 11 represent the mean results of only four intervals before, and four after 1900. I feel sure that no one, glancing at these two curves, would think that they really indi- cate a period of 454 months in Peoria precipitation! But on removing

42 5 —=months from a,’, the curve F results. It indicates a period of— 45-5.

Ee ths remaining. Removing this, we get curve G. (At several places in figure 11 I trace its course by guide lines.) Curve G is not smooth, but no subordinate periods are plainly seen. Indeed, from only four repetitions one could not expect a smooth curve, consider-

5-9

months from

“45.5

ing interferences from 21 other periods. Removing

curve a,?, we have the dotted curve H, and from this ““~ months is

removed, yielding curve I. This also is made irregular by lack of suf- ficient repetitions of the 453-month curve in the original data. Curve G is now shifted 20 months to the right and combined with curve I, yield- ing the dotted curve J. A heavy smooth curve is drawn to better represent the 453-month period in Peoria precipitation, for all times when Wolf numbers < 20, from 1856 to 1939. If the heavy smooth curve representing times when Wolf numbers < 20 is now displaced to the left 17 months, and superposed, as shown dotted at K over the heavy smooth curve representing Wolf numbers > 20, the differences found are small. However the curve for Wolf numbers < 20 has the amplitude of 25 percent of normal precipitation at Peoria, while the other has a range of only 22 percent.

From these reductions, shown graphically in figure 11, we find periods of 4, 42, 4s, and %o of 223 years. Many other examples might be given of overriding periods, which are aliquot submultiples of the periods of greater length, with which they are associated. But surely these three samples, which disclose periods of 4, %, 4, %,

tabulations are always made with departures from the mean of the long column representing a long period, half of the departures are above, and half below the mean. Hence, in making the tabulation for the subordinate period, though half of the values employed in the tabulation are larger than truly representative of the subordinate period, the other half are equally smaller than they should be. These excess and deficient parts nearly cancel, leaving the subordinate period approximately correct. When it is removed from the longer one, this longer curve also is approximately correct. As a check, however, I once drew a smooth curve touching all the low points of the longer curve and computed the subordinate period from differences between this smooth curve and the original. Comparing, there was no considerable difference from the characteristics of the subordinate curve when obtained in the usual way.

22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 128

2, 4s, Yo, 47, 4s, %o and %3 of 223 years, together with the other lines of evidence presented above in Part 2, and the close accord between syntheses and events, shown by using 22 such periods to predict